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The extent to which the domestic conditions of cocoa farmers in Bougainville impede livelihoods

机译：在九重威尔的可可农民国内条件的程度阻碍了生计

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BackgroundBougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is slowly improving services and infrastructure destroyed 20?years ago during the ten year civil war. However, the region still faces significant constraints to economic growth and human development and remains under-developed compared to PNG and close Pacific neighbours. PNG's 2017 Human Development Category (HDC) was one of the lowest at 0.544. The Bougainville Strategic Development Plan 2018–2022 noted significant gaps in health services and infrastructure, had inadequate water and waste disposal and experienced weak markets and cocoa quality. This research examines domestic conditions and the extent to which they impact on livelihoods.MethodA cross-sectional livelihood survey was administered to cocoa growing households in 33 Village Assemblies (VAs) with 11 VAs in each of the three regions.ResultsData was collected from 5172 individuals. A significant majority of households reported multiple health issues, rudimentary housing, unimproved sanitation and unimproved water. Over two-thirds of cocoa growers did not sell any cocoa bags in 2014–2016 resulting in low incomes and greater food insecurity compared to families selling cocoa. Families that produced no saleable cocoa were more likely to have rudimentary housing, unimproved toilet facilities and unsafe water, factors that increase the likelihood of chronic disease and exacerbate malnutrition and poor labour productivity.ConclusionThis study provides key information about the health and livelihood status of cocoa growers in Bougainville. If productivity is to increase, farmer health needs to improve including improving water and sanitation practices and diets. Building a responsive health system for the community is a challenge when a majority of the population live in small villages with difficult access to health centres. Establishing and integrating outreach village health clinics will enable health care to be more accessible to these remote communities.
机译：BackgroundBougainville，巴布亚新几内亚的自治区（PNG）正在慢慢改善服务和基础设施摧毁20年多年前在十年内战期间。然而，与PNG和近太邻居相比，该地区仍然面临着经济增长和人类发展的重大限制，仍然是开发的。 PNG 2017年人类发展类别（HDC）是0.544的最低点之一。 2018-2022九州维尔战略发展计划指出，卫生服务和基础设施的重大差距，水和废物处理不足，经验丰富的市场和可可质量。本研究审查了国内条件以及它们对生计的影响程度。在33个村庄组件（VAS）中的可可横截面生计调查施用了33个村庄组件（VAS）的可可子宫内，每个三个地区都有11个VAS.Resultsdata从5172个个人收集。大多数家庭报告了多种健康问题，基本住房，未经改善的卫生和未改善的水。超过三分之二的可可种植者在2014-2016中没有出售任何可可袋，导致与销售可可的家庭相比的收入低，食物不安全。制作不可可可的家庭更有可能具有基本的住房，未经改善的厕所设施和不安全的水，增加慢性疾病的可能性和加剧营养不良的可能性以及恶劣的劳动力生产率。结论这项研究提供了有关可可的健康和生计状态的关键信息在九重韦尔的种植者。如果生产力增加，农民健康需要改进，包括改善水和卫生习惯和饮食。为社区建立一个响应的健康系统是一项挑战，当大多数人口生活在难以获得健康中心的小村庄时。建立和整合外展村庄健康诊所将使这些远程社区更能够更容易获得医疗保健。

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