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首页> 外文期刊>PLoS One >The source of punishment matters: Third-party punishment restrains observers from selfish behaviors better than does second-party punishment by shaping norm perceptions
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The source of punishment matters: Third-party punishment restrains observers from selfish behaviors better than does second-party punishment by shaping norm perceptions

机译：惩罚事项的来源：第三方处罚限制了自私行为的观察者，而不是通过塑造规范感知的第二方惩罚

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摘要

Punishment aims to deter individuals’ selfish behaviors, but it can occasionally backfire. Some scholars have proposed promoting prosocial behaviors using punishment that communicates positive social norms because it provides additional motivation. However, it is unclear which factors affect the norm expressive function of punishment. This study proposes that third-party punishment communicates more positive normative information, and thus, promotes more prosocial behavior in observers than does second-party punishment. Using dictator games, we investigated the effects of second-party punishment compared to third-party punishment of another’s unfair sharing on observers’ norm perceptions and subsequent sharing decision-making. Two experiments consistently found that third-party punishment was more effective than second-party punishment at inducing observers’ beliefs that unfair distribution was unusual (descriptive norm) and unacceptable (injunctive norm). The altered descriptive but not injunctive norm perception further guided individuals’ own sharing behaviors. Taken together, these results suggest that third-party punishment might be better than second-party punishment at decreasing selfish behaviors by shaping individuals’ norm perceptions, especially descriptive norm perception, regarding the relevant behaviors.
机译：惩罚旨在阻止个人的自私行为，但它可能偶尔会反馈。有些学者提出使用传播积极社会规范的惩罚来推广女性行为，因为它提供了额外的动机。然而，目前尚不清楚哪些因素影响惩罚的规范表达函数。本研究提出第三方惩罚使更积极的规范信息传达，从而促进观察员中的更加女性行为而不是第二方惩罚。使用独裁游戏，我们调查了第二方惩罚与第三方惩罚对另一个人不公平分担的第三方惩罚对观察员规范感知和随后的分担决策的影响。两项实验一致发现，第三方惩罚比诱导观察员信仰的第二方惩罚更有效，即不公平分配是不寻常的（描述性常态）和不可接受的（禁令常态）。改变的描述性但没有禁令的常态感知进一步引导了个人自己的共享行为。总之，这些结果表明，第三方惩罚可能会通过塑造有关相关行为的个人规范，特别是描述性常态感知来减少自私行为。

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