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首页> 外文期刊>PLoS One >Weapon injuries in the crusader mass graves from a 13th century attack on the port city of Sidon (Lebanon)
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Weapon injuries in the crusader mass graves from a 13th century attack on the port city of Sidon (Lebanon)

机译：武器伤害在十三世纪袭击港口城市的十三世纪（黎巴嫩）的武器伤害

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Archaeological excavations close to St Louis’ castle in Sidon, Lebanon have revealed two mass grave deposits containing partially articulated and disarticulated human skeletal remains. A minimum of 25 male individuals have been recovered, with no females or young children. Radiocarbon dating of the human remains, a crusader coin, and the design of Frankish belt buckles strongly indicate they belong to a single event in the mid-13th century CE. The skeletal remains demonstrate a high prevalence of unhealed sharp force, penetrating force and blunt force trauma consistent with medieval weaponry. Higher numbers of wounds on the back of individuals than the front suggests some were attacked from behind, possibly as they fled. The concentration of blade wounds to the back of the neck of others would be compatible with execution by decapitation following their capture. Taphonomic changes indicate the skeletal remains were left exposed for some weeks prior to being collected together and re-deposited in the defensive ditch by a fortified gateway within the town wall. Charring on some bones provides evidence of burning of the bodies. The findings imply the systematic clearance of partially decomposed corpses following an attack on the city, where adult and teenage males died as a result of weapon related trauma. The skeletons date from the second half of the Crusader period, when Christian-held Sidon came under direct assault from both the Mamluk Sultanate (1253 CE) and the Ilkhanate Mongols (1260 CE). It is likely that those in the mass graves died during one of these assaults.
机译：黎巴嫩靠近圣路易斯城堡的考古挖掘，黎巴嫩透露了两种群众墓穴，含有部分铰接和纯粹的人骨骼。最少25名男性个人已经恢复过，没有女性或幼儿。 RadioCarbon的人类遗骸，十字军硬币和Frankish皮带扣的设计强烈表示他们属于13世纪中期CE中的一个活动。骨骼仍然表现出与中世纪武器一致的不骨急剧，穿透力和钝力创伤的高度普遍性。人物背面的伤口数量高于前面的伤口表明有些人从后面袭击，可能随着他们逃离。在其他人的颈部背部突起的叶片伤口的浓度将与捕获后的斩首的执行相容。术语变化表明骨骼仍然留下了几周内暴露在一起，并在城墙内的强化门户重新存放在防守沟中。一些骨骼上的剪贴提供了燃烧尸体的证据。该研究结果意味着在城市攻击后部分分解的尸体的系统间隙，成人和少年男性因武器相关创伤而死亡。骷髅日期，从十字军时期的下半年，当基督徒持有的西门遭到Mamluk Sultanate（1253 CE）和Ilkhanate蒙古（1260 CE）的直接攻击时。在这些攻击之一期间，群众坟墓中的人可能会死亡。

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