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The X and Y factors

机译：X和Y因子

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Almost since the day it began, the dominant academic discipline behind the "science" of management has been engineering. When Oxford University first allowed management to be taught as an undergraduate subject (as recently as the late 1970s), it was introduced as a combined "engineering and management" degree. Some of the most famous management gurus, notably Michael Porter, Michael Hammer and Tom Peters, trained as engineers first. Many of the most influential business leaders were also engineers, including Alfred Sloan, who built General Motors, and Jack Welch of GE. Their training taught them to divide things up into small pieces, make each piece better and then put them all together again. It was a bit like Legoland. Management science's founding father was yet another engineer: Frederick Wins-low Taylor, who wandered round factories with a stopwatch and a clipboard to measure workers' productivity. It was the job of the managers, he told them, to improve that productivity by refining the processes the workers had to perform. In Taylor's world, improvement was defined by time and motion.
机译：自开始之日起，管理“科学”背后的主要学术学科就是工程学。牛津大学首次允许将管理学作为本科课程教授时（最近在1970年代后期），它被引入为“工程与管理”相结合的学位。一些最著名的管理专家，特别是迈克尔·波特，迈克尔·哈默和汤姆·彼得斯，首先接受了工程师的培训。许多最有影响力的商业领袖也是工程师，包括建造通用汽车的阿尔弗雷德·斯隆和通用电气的杰克·韦尔奇。他们的培训教会他们将事物分成小块，使每块变得更好，然后将它们重新组合在一起。有点像乐高乐园。管理科学的开创之父是另一位工程师：弗雷德里克·温斯-洛·泰勒（Frederick Wins-low Taylor），他带着秒表和剪贴板在工厂中徘徊，以测量工人的生产率。他告诉他们，管理人员的工作是通过改进工人必须执行的流程来提高生产率。在泰勒的世界中，进步是由时间和运动来定义的。

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