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Towards community-based forest management in Southern Africa: do decentralization experiments work for local livelihoods?

机译：朝着南部非洲的社区森林管理迈进：权力下放实验对当地生计有作用吗？

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摘要

Differences are emerging in decentralization of forest and community management in Zimbabwe, Mozambique and South Africa. This paper draws on case studies in each country to examine five aspects of their decentralization experience, namely forest tenure, new organizational structures, accountability and livelihood outcomes. Tenure arrangements developed as a result of decentralization are important for communities, as these determine the nature of access sanctioned by the state and security of the arrangements. The transfer of power to new organizations is proving to be a challenge. Experiences across the three case studies show that new committees were formed for these forestry initiatives by outside agencies and attempts were made to make them relevant to the way local communities managed forests. One of the main tenets of decentralization revolves around accountability of community representatives to their constituents rather than to the state. Although moves have been made to promote the accountability of community representatives, these have produced mixed results in Zimbabwe, Mozambique and South Africa. Only after changes in the approach taken by the state in Zimbabwe did community representatives become more accountable. In Mozambique, because of the special arrangements around the specific case, greater authority was given to community representatives, whereas, in South Africa, the state retained authority over representatives. Decentralization may bring benefits and improve communities' livelihoods from forestry activities, however much more still needs to be done by states in order for forests to take communities out of poverty.
机译：津巴布韦，莫桑比克和南非的森林和社区管理权力下放方面正在出现差异。本文利用每个国家的案例研究来考察其权力下放经验的五个方面，即森林权属，新的组织结构，问责制和生计成果。由于权力下放而产生的权属安排对社区很重要，因为它们决定了国家批准的使用权的性质和安排的安全性。事实证明，将权力转移给新组织是一个挑战。这三个案例研究的经验表明，外部机构为这些林业计划成立了新的委员会，并试图使其与当地社区管理森林的方式相关。权力下放的主要原则之一是围绕社区代表对其选民而不是国家的问责制。尽管已采取措施提高社区代表的责任感，但这些措施在津巴布韦，莫桑比克和南非产生了不同的结果。只有在津巴布韦政府采取的做法发生变化之后，社区代表才开始承担更大的责任。在莫桑比克，由于围绕具体案例的特殊安排，赋予了社区代表更大的权力，而在南非，国家保留了对代表的权力。分权可能从林业活动中带来利益并改善社区的生计，但是，国家还需要做更多的工作，森林才能使社区摆脱贫困。

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