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Structural aspects of surfactant selection for the design of vegetable oil semi-synthetic metalworking fluids

机译：用于植物油半合成金属加工液设计的表面活性剂选择的结构方面

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This paper presents a set of surfactant-selection guidelines that can be used to design bio-based semi-synthetic ;metalworking fluid (MWF) microemulsions as a renewable alternative to conventional petroleum formulations. Ten surfactant classes (six anionic and four nonionic) with different head and tail structures and three vegetable base oils (canola oil, soybean oil, and a fatty acid trimethylolpropane ester) were investigated as representatives of oil and surfactant options currently under consideration in the MWF industry. All combinations of these surfactants and oils were formulated at the full range of oil to surfactant ratios and surfactant concentrations. The stability of each formulation was evaluated based on visual transparency, light transmittance, and droplet diameter. The experimental results yield the following guidelines that produce stable biobased MWF microemulsions with minimum necessary concentrations of surfactants: (1) a combination of two surfactants, one nonionic and one water soluble co-surfactant (either nonionic or anionic) is preferred over a single surfactant; (2) the nonionic surfactant should have a carbon tail length greater than or equal to the nominal carbon chain length of the fatty acids in the oil as well as a head group that is not excessively small or large (e. g., 10-20 ethylene oxide groups for a polysorbitan ester, ethoxylated alcohol, or ethoxylated glyceryl ester); (3) the difference in tail lengths between the surfactant and the co-surfactant should be less than 6 to maximize the feasible range of oil to surfactant ratios yielding stable emulsions. These guidelines are consistent with general results of micelle solubilization theory and evidence is provided to suggest that common semi-synthetic MWF systems can be thought of as swollen micelle systems.
机译：本文提出了一套表面活性剂选择指南，可用于设计生物基半合成；金属加工液（MWF）微乳液，作为常规石油配方的可再生替代品。研究了十种具有不同头和尾结构的表面活性剂类别（六种阴离子和四种非离子表面活性剂）和三种植物基础油（低芥酸菜子油，大豆油和脂肪酸三羟甲基丙烷酯），作为MWF当前正在考虑的油和表面活性剂选择的代表行业。这些表面活性剂和油的所有组合均在油与表面活性剂的比例和表面活性剂浓度的完整范围内配制。基于视觉透明性，透光率和液滴直径评估每种制剂的稳定性。实验结果得出以下指导原则，该指导原则可生产出稳定的生物基MWF微乳液，且表面活性剂的最低含量最低：（1）两种表面活性剂（一种非离子表面活性剂和一种水溶性助表面活性剂（非离子或阴离子表面活性剂）的组合）优于单一表面活性剂; （2）非离子表面活性剂的碳尾长度应大于或等于油中脂肪酸的标称碳链长度，并且头部基团不能过小或过大（例如10-20环氧乙烷）聚山梨糖醇酯，乙氧基化醇或乙氧基化甘油酯的基团）； （3）表面活性剂和助表面活性剂之间的尾长差应小于6，以使产生稳定乳液的油与表面活性剂之比的可行范围最大化。这些指导方针与胶束增溶理论的一般结果是一致的，并且提供了证据表明普通的半合成MWF系统可以被认为是溶胀的胶束系统。

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