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Concentration and particle size of airborne toxic algae (brevetoxin) derived from ocean red tide events

机译:来自海洋赤潮事件的空气中有毒藻类(短毒素)的浓度和粒径

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摘要

Red tides in the Gulf of Mexico are formed by blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, which produces brevetoxins (PbTx). Brevetoxins can be transferred from water to air in the wind-powered whitecapped waves during red tide episodes. Inhalation exposure to marine aerosol containing PbTx causes respiratory problems. A liquid chromatograph/ tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the detection and quantitation of several PbTxs in ambient samples collected during red tide events. This method was complemented by a previously developed antibody assay that analyzes the entire class of PbTx compounds. The method showed good linearity, accuracy, and reproducibility, allowing quantitation of PbTx compounds in the 10 pg/m(3) range. Air concentrations of PbTxs and brevenal for individual samples ranged from 0.01 to 80 ng/m(3). The particle size showed a single mode with a mass median diameter between 6 and 10,mu m, which was consistent for all of the PbTx species that were measured. Our results imply that individual PbTxs were from the same marine aerosol or from marine aerosol that was produced from the same process. The particle size indicated the likelihood of high deposition efficiency in the respiratory tract with the majority of aerosol deposited in the upper airways and small but not insignificant deposition in the lower airways.
机译:墨西哥鞭毛藻(Karenia brevis)的开花形成了墨西哥湾的赤潮,会产生短毒素(PbTx)。在赤潮发作期间,布雷维沙星可以在由风力驱动的白顶波中从水转移到空气中。吸入暴露于含有PbTx的海洋气溶胶会导致呼吸系统问题。开发了一种液相色谱/串联质谱法,用于检测和定量在赤潮事件期间收集的环境样品中的几种PbTx。先前开发的抗体测定法可对该方法进行补充,该测定法可分析整个PbTx化合物类别。该方法显示出良好的线性,准确性和可重复性,允许定量在10 pg / m(3)范围内的PbTx化合物。单个样品中PbTxs和brevenal的空气浓度范围为0.01至80 ng / m(3)。粒径显示出单一模式,其质量中值直径在6至10μm之间,这与所测得的所有PbTx物质都一致。我们的结果表明,单个的PbTx来自相同的海洋气溶胶或来自相同过程产生的海洋气溶胶。颗粒大小表明了呼吸道高沉积效率的可能性,其中大部分气雾剂沉积在上呼吸道中,而较小但并非微不足道的沉积在下呼吸道中。

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