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首页> 外文期刊>Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science >Are population dynamics of shorebirds affected by El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) while on their non-breeding grounds in Ecuador?
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Are population dynamics of shorebirds affected by El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) while on their non-breeding grounds in Ecuador?

机译：在厄瓜多尔非繁殖地时，海鸟的种群动态是否受到厄尔尼诺/南方涛动（ENSO）的影响？

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摘要

Declines in avian populations are a global concern, particularly for species that migrate between Arctic-temperate and tropical locations. Long-term population studies offer opportunities to detect and document ecological effects attributable to long-term climatic cycles such as the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In this study, we report possible population-level effects of such climatic cycles on shorebird species that use two non-breeding season sites in Ecuador (Santa Elena peninsula area, near La Libertad). During our 9-year study period (1991/1992— 1999/2000), there was a particularly strong ENSO warm phase event during 1997/1998. Population trend data for three species of shorebird, Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri), Semipalmated Sandpipers (C. pusilla), and Least Sandpipers (C. minutilla), indicated abundances generally declined during the 1990s, but there was an increase in the proportion of first-year birds and their abundance in the years following the 1997/ 1998 ENSO warm phase. There was some support for variation in apparent survivorship associated with the onset of the ENSO warm phase event in our population models, based on capture—mark—recapture data. Following the 1997/1998 ENSO event onset, individuals for all three species were significantly lighter during the non-breeding season (F_(1,3789) = 6.6, p = 0.01). Least-squares mean mass (controlling for size, sex and day of capture) for first-year birds dropped significantly more than for adults following ENSO (first-year mass loss = 0.69 ± 0.12 g; adult mass loss = 0.34 ± 0.11 g, F_(1,3789) = 5.31, p = 0.021), and least-squares mean mass dropped most during the period when sandpipers prepare for northward migration by gaining mass and moulting into breeding plumage. Least Sandpipers may have declined the most in mean mass following ENSO (0.76 ± 0.19 g), whereas Semipalmated Sandpipers were 0.52 ± 0.12 g lighter, and Western Sandpipers 0.40 ± 0.13 g lighter, but overall variation among species before (1992/1993-1996/1997) and after (1997/1998-1999/2000) ENSO was not significant (F_(2,3787) = 1.52, p = 0.22). Anomalously warm and wet conditions associated with strong ENSO warm phases during the non-breeding season may either act directly on shorebirds (increasing metabolic demands) and/or indirectly through reductions in prey availability. Reduced mass and mass gain may explain lower survivorship, particularly in adults, which are more likely to migrate northward in the spring than are first-year birds, at least in Western Sandpipers. Our results suggest a potential mechanism selecting for life history strategies suitable for withstanding long-term fluctuating climatic cycles such as ENSO.
机译：鸟类数量的下降是全球关注的问题，特别是对于在北极温带和热带地区之间迁移的物种。长期的人口研究为发现和记录可归因于长期气候周期的生态影响提供了机会，例如厄尔尼诺现象/南方涛动（ENSO）。在这项研究中，我们报告了这种气候周期对在厄瓜多尔（拉利伯塔德附近的圣埃琳娜半岛地区）使用两个非繁殖季节地点的shore鸟物种的可能的种群水平影响。在我们为期9年的研究期间（1991/1992至1999/2000），在1997/1998年期间发生了特别强烈的ENSO暖期事件。三种of的种群趋势数据，西部Sand（Calidris mauri），半Semi（C。pusilla）和最小Le（C。minutilla）表明，在1990年代，鱼的丰度总体上下降了，但1997/1998年ENSO暖期之后的第一年中的第一年鸟类及其数量。基于捕获（标记）再捕获数据，在我们的人口模型中，与ENSO暖期事件的发作有关的表观存活率的变化得到了一些支持。在1997/1998年ENSO事件开始后，这三个物种的个体在非繁殖季节均明显减轻（F_（1,3789）= 6.6，p = 0.01）。在ENSO之后，第一年鸟类的最小二乘平均质量（控制大小，性别和捕获天数）比成年动物下降的幅度更大（第一年质量损失= 0.69±0.12 g；成年质量损失= 0.34±0.11 g， F_（1,3789）= 5.31，p = 0.021），并且最小二乘平均质量在沙pi通过增加质量和换羽成繁殖羽毛准备向北迁移的时期下降最多。在ENSO之后，最小EN的平均质量下降幅度最大（0.76±0.19 g），而半掌Sand的重量减轻了0.52±0.12 g，西部Sand的重量减轻了0.40±0.13 g，但各个物种之间的总体差异（1992 / 1993-1996年之前） / 1997）和之后（1997 / 1998-1999 / 2000）ENSO并不显着（F_（2,3787）= 1.52，p = 0.22）。在非繁殖季节，与ENSO强烈的暖期相关的异常温暖和潮湿条件可能直接作用于shore鸟（增加了新陈代谢的需求）和/或间接地通过减少猎物的可利用性而起作用。质量和质量增加的减少可能是存活率降低的原因，尤其是成年鸟类，至少在西部矶pi，成年鸟类比一年级鸟类更可能向北迁移。我们的结果表明，有可能选择适合承受长期波动气候周期（例如ENSO）的生命史策略的机制。

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