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Adapting in practice: what questions might we ask?

机译：在实践中适应：我们可能会问什么问题？

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Purpose - Via philosophy of science, the paper seeks to identify the role of trial and error in businessrnand other managed activities, including economic development.rnDesign/methodology/approach - Drawing first on Karl Popper's view of trial and error as essential tornthe evolution of all life, including all human activity, the paper asks what we mean by science, and howrndistinctive is the scientific mode of enquiry. It goes on to look at, in particular, the treatment of trial andrnerror, and of evolution, in two best-selling management books of the last 25 years, and at the relevancernof this treatment to some recent discussions of economic development.rnFindings - Popper's distinction between science and various types of non-science is not as clear-cut asrnis sometimes portrayed. Moreover, there are significant variants to Popper's view of scientific method.rnBut accepting Popper's view of the centrality of trial and error for problem solving, the paper findsrnsignificant echoes in some management thinking. Related questions occur, also, in some recentrndiscussions of economic development.rnPractical implications - The paper argues that trial and error is a well-established approach inrnbusiness and other managed activities, and that there is potential to learn from many examples ofrnsuccess and disappointment.rnOriginality/value - The paper questions whether some views of science, and of the demarcationrnbetween science and non-science, are as clear-cut as is sometimes assumed. It argues against claimedrnnovelty in some recent discussion of evolutionary process in business and elsewhere.
机译：目的-通过科学哲学，本文试图确定试错法在商业和其他管理活动（包括经济发展）中的作用。设计/方法论/方法-首先借鉴卡尔·波普尔的试错法，认为试错法是一切发展的根本生命，包括人类的所有活动，都在问我们科学的含义，而科学的探究模式是多么与众不同。它继续着眼于过去25年里两本畅销的管理书籍中对审判错误和进化论的处理，并特别关注了这种处理方法与最近对经济发展的讨论的相关性。科学与各种非科学之间的区别并不像有时描绘的那样清晰。而且，波普尔的科学方法观有很大的变体。但是，接受波普尔关于试错法在解决问题中的中心性的观点，本文发现一些管理思想中的重大回声。在最近的一些经济发展讨论中也出现了相关的问题。实践意义-本文认为试错是在企业和其他管理活动中一种行之有效的方法，并且有可能从许多成功和失望的事例中学习。 /值-本文质疑某些科学观点以及科学与非科学之间的分界是否如有时所假定的那样清晰。在商业和其他方面的进化过程的一些最新讨论中，它反对宣称的新颖性。

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