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Geographic distribution and domestication of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides)

机译：野生Emmer小麦（Triticum dicoccoides）的地理分布和驯化

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摘要

The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture had revolutionary consequences for the development of human societies. Crops such as wheat, barley, lentil, pea and chickpea played a crucial role in the establishment of complex civilizations in south west Asia. Wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) was one of the first cereals to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent between c. 12,000 and c. 10,000 years ago. This step provided the key for subsequent bread wheat evolution. Wild emmer is found today in the western Fertile Crescent in Jordan, Syria and Israel, the central part of southeastern Turkey and mountain areas in eastern Iraq and western Iran. In this review, we summarize issues concerning geography and domestication of wild emmer wheat based on published molecular and archaeobotanical data and on our recent findings. We suggest that modern domestic tetraploid wheats derived from wild emmer lines from southeast Turkey. However, our understanding of emmer domestication is not complete. The “dispersed-specific” domestication model proposed for einkorn might well be appropriate also for emmer.
机译：从狩猎和采集到农业的转变对人类社会的发展产生了革命性的影响。小麦，大麦，小扁豆，豌豆和鹰嘴豆等农作物在西南亚复杂文明的建立中发挥了关键作用。野生的Emmer小麦（Triticum dicoccoides）是介于大约2到9世纪之间的肥沃新月最早驯化的谷物之一。 12,000和c。一万年前此步骤为随后的面包小麦进化提供了关键。今天，在约旦，叙利亚和以色列的西部肥沃新月，土耳其东南部的中部地区以及伊拉克东部和伊朗西部的山区中发现了野生Emmer。在这篇综述中，我们基于公开的分子和考古植物学数据以及我们的近期发现总结了野生Emmer小麦的地理和驯化问题。我们建议，现代国内四倍体小麦源于土耳其东南部的野生Emmer系。但是，我们对Emmer驯化的理解还不完整。为einkorn提出的“分散特定”驯化模型很可能也适用于emmer。

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