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首页> 外文期刊>ICES Journal of Marine Science >Cultured Atlantic salmon in nature: a review of their ecology and interaction with wild fish
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Cultured Atlantic salmon in nature: a review of their ecology and interaction with wild fish

机译：自然界中养殖的大西洋鲑鱼：其生态学及其与野生鱼类相互作用的综述

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When cultured Atlantic salmon are released into nature, they compete with wild fish for food, space, and breeding partners. As a result of morphological, physiological, ecological, and behavioural changes that occur in hatcheries, their comp etitive ability often differs from that of wild fish. These changes are partly phenotypic and partly genetic. Cultured juveniles' faster growth rate influences age and size at smolting and maturity, reproductive output, and longevity. Fast-growing parr tend to smolt younger, produce more but smaller eggs, attain maturity earlier, and die younger. Juvenile learning influences a number of behavioural traits, and differences in early experience appear to affect feeding and spawning success, migratory behaviour, and homing ability. Genetic change in hatcheries is chiefly the result of natural selection, with differential mortality among genotypes and broodstock selection based on production traits such as high adult body mass and fast growth rate. Experimental evidence has revealed that cultured parr's greater aggression often allows them to dominate wild parr, although smaller cultured parr can be subordinated if they co-occur in fast-flowing water and if wild smolts have established prior residence. During spawning, the fitness of wild salmon is superior to that of cultured conspecifics. Cultured males are inferior to wild males in intra-sexual competition, courting, and spawning; cultured females have greater egg retention, construct fewer nests, and are less efficient at covering their eggs in the substratum than their wild counterparts. In rivers, the early survival of cultured offspring is lower than that of their wild counterparts. The lifetime reproductive success of fanned fish has been estimated at 17% that of similar-sized wild salmon. As a result of ecological interaction and through density-dependent mechanisms, cultured fish may displace wild conspecifics to some extent, increase their mortality, and decrease their growth rate, adult size, reproductive output, biomass, and production.
机译：当养殖的大西洋鲑鱼被释放到大自然中时，它们会与野生鱼类竞争食物，空间和繁殖伙伴。由于孵化场发生的形态，生理，生态和行为变化，其竞争能力通常不同于野生鱼类。这些变化部分是表型的，部分是遗传的。养殖幼鱼的较快生长速度会影响其成熟和成熟，繁殖产量和寿命的年龄和大小。快速生长的帕尔鱼往往更年轻，可以产出更多但更小的卵，更早地成熟，并且更年轻。少年学习会影响许多行为特征，早期经验的差异似乎会影响进食和产卵的成功，迁徙行为和归巢能力。孵化场的遗传变化主要是自然选择的结果，其基因型和亲鱼选择的死亡率差异取决于成年体重高和生长速度快等生产特性。实验证据表明，培养的帕尔人的侵略性通常使他们能够统治野生的帕尔人，尽管如果较小的培养的帕尔人同时出现在快速流动的水中并且如果野性的mol已经建立了居所，那么它们就可以从属。在产卵期间，野生鲑鱼的适应性优于培养的同种异体。在性竞争，求爱和产卵方面，养殖的雄性不如野生雄性。与野生的雌性相比，养殖的雌性具有更大的卵存留力，更少的巢，并且在地下层覆盖卵的效率较低。在河流中，养殖后代的早期存活率低于野生后代。据估计，扇形鱼的终生繁殖成功率是类似大小的野生鲑鱼的17％。由于生态相互作用和密度依赖性机制的影响，养殖鱼类可能在某种程度上取代野生物种，增加其死亡率，并降低其生长速度，成年个体大小，生殖产量，生物量和产量。

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