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Epistemic modality: From uncertainty to certainty in the context of information seeking as interactions with texts

机译：认知方式：从信息寻求与文本的互动中，从不确定性到确定性

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摘要

This article introduces a type of uncertainty that resides in textual information and requires epistemic interpretation on the information seeker's part. Epistemic modality, as defined in linguistics and natural language processing, is a writer's estimation of the validity of propositional content in texts. It is an evaluation of chances that a certain hypothetical state of affairs is true, e.g., definitely true or possibly true. This research shifts attention from the uncertainty-certainty dichotomy to a gradient epistemic continuum of absolute, high, moderate, low certainty, and uncertainty. An analysis of a New York Times dataset showed that epistemically modalized statements are pervasive in news discourse and they occur at a significantly higher rate in editorials than in news reports. Four independent annotators were able to recognize a gradation on the continuum but individual perceptions of the boundaries between levels were highly subjective. Stricter annotation instructions and longer coder training improved intercoder agreement results. This paper offers an interdisciplinary bridge between research in linguistics, natural language processing, and information seeking with potential benefits to design and implementation of information systems for situations where large amounts of textual information are screened manually on a regular basis, for instance, by professional intelligence or business analysts.
机译：本文介绍了一种不确定性，其存在于文本信息中，并且需要信息搜索者方面的认知解释。在语言学和自然语言处理中定义的认知情态是作者对文本中命题内容有效性的估计。这是对某种假设的事务状态为真（例如，绝对为真或可能为真）的机会的评估。这项研究将注意力从不确定性-确定性二分法转移到绝对，高，中，低确定性和不确定性的梯度认知连续体。对《纽约时报》数据集的分析表明，认识论形式化的陈述在新闻话语中无处不在，社论中的陈述发生率大大高于新闻报道。四个独立的注释器能够识别连续体上的渐变，但是对级别之间边界的个人感知是高度主观的。更严格的注释指令和更长的编码培训可以改善编码器间的一致性结果。本文提供了语言学，自然语言处理和信息搜索之间的跨学科桥梁，这对于设计和实施信息系统具有潜在的好处，这种信息系统用于定期（例如通过专业情报）手动筛选大量文本信息的情况或业务分析师。

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