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首页> 外文期刊>International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer >Metal transfer in wire feeding-based electron beam 3D printing: Modes, dynamics, and transition criterion
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Metal transfer in wire feeding-based electron beam 3D printing: Modes, dynamics, and transition criterion

机译：基于送丝的电子束3D打印中的金属转移：模式，动力学和过渡条件

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摘要

In electron beam three-dimensional (3D) printing, the metal-transfer behaviors play significant roles in determining the quality of the end product; however, these mechanisms have not yet been well understood. In the present study, we performed plenty of experiments and novel modeling of the wire feeding based electron beam 3D printing to reveal the metal-transfer mechanisms in depth. The coupling behaviors of the heat transfer and the fluid flow in the molten pool as a function of the process parameters in the electron beam 3D printing of the Ti-6Al-4 V alloys were simulated. The simulation results reasonably agree with the experimental data. Three types of metal-transfer modes (liquid bridge transition, droplet transition, and intermediate transition) are reproduced by simulations and confirmed by the experiments. The results show that as the heat input increases, the transfer mode changes from the droplet transfer mode to the liquid bridge mode. Therein, the liquid bridge transfer is the best for ensuring good print quality because of the stable metal-transfer behavior. More accurately, the liquid bridge is a dynamic equilibrium process. In the process, the metal transfer is mainly driven by the recoil pressure, while the surface tension always tends to break the bridge. The interaction between the two factors leads to the oscillation of the liquid bridge geometry morphology in the forming process, where the oscillation frequency is approximately 200 Hz. The droplet transition is observed when the dynamic equilibrium is broken. In this process, the Marangoni flow plays an important role in the droplet formation. Further, based on the transfer mode transformation mechanisms and a simple theory, a verified formula is proposed, according to which the energy required for maintaining the liquid bridge should be moderate. Therefore, the heat input conditions for maintaining the liquid bridge can be calculated quantitatively. This research is of considerable significance for understanding the physical processes in electron beam 3D printing and provides a promising avenue for process optimizations in industrial applications. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：在电子束三维（3D）打印中，金属转移行为在决定最终产品的质量方面起着重要作用；但是，这些机制尚未被很好地理解。在本研究中，我们对基于送丝的电子束3D打印进行了大量实验和新颖的建模，以深入揭示金属转移机理。在Ti-6Al-4 V合金的电子束3D打印中，模拟了传热和熔池中流体流动的耦合行为与工艺参数的关系。仿真结果与实验数据基本吻合。通过模拟再现了三种类型的金属转移模式（液桥过渡，液滴过渡和中间过渡），并通过实验进行了确认。结果表明，随着热量输入的增加，传递模式从液滴传递模式改变为液桥模式。其中，由于稳定​​的金属转移行为，液桥转移是确保良好打印质量的最佳选择。更准确地说，液桥是动态平衡过程。在此过程中，金属的传递主要由反冲压力驱动，而表面张力始终倾向于破坏桥梁。这两个因素之间的相互作用导致了成形过程中液桥几何形态的振荡，振荡频率约为200 Hz。当动态平衡被破坏时，观察到液滴的转变。在此过程中，Marangoni流在液滴的形成中起着重要作用。此外，基于传递模式转换机制和简单的理论，提出了一个经过验证的公式，据此公式，维持液桥所需的能量应适中。因此，可以定量地计算用于维持液桥的热输入条件。这项研究对于理解电子束3D打印中的物理过程具有重要意义，并为工业应用中的过程优化提供了有希望的途径。 （C）2018 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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  • 来源
    《International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer》 |2018年第ptab期|877-887|共11页
  • 作者

    Hu Renzhi; Chen Xin; Yang Guang; Gong Shuili; Pang Shengyong;

  • 作者单位

    Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Mat Proc & Die & Mould Technol, Luoyu Rd 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China;

    Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Mat Proc & Die & Mould Technol, Luoyu Rd 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China;

    AVIC Mfg Technol Inst, Natl Key Lab Sci & Technol Power Beam Proc, Shanghai, Peoples R China;

    AVIC Mfg Technol Inst, Natl Key Lab Sci & Technol Power Beam Proc, Shanghai, Peoples R China;

    Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Mat Proc & Die & Mould Technol, Luoyu Rd 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    Electron beam 3D printing; Metal transfer mode; Liquid bridge; Dynamics; Transition criterion;

    机译：电子束3D打印;金属传递方式;液桥;动力学;过渡准则;

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