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Revisiting the bottleneck congestion model by considering environmental costs and a modal policy

机译：通过考虑环境成本和模式政策来重新考虑瓶颈拥堵模型

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This article attempts to internalize the negative external effects (congestion and pollution) generated by using cars, by considering the urban tax tool. To do this, we provide the development of a microeconomic model of this urban toll system, in order to minimize the total social cost. Two modes of transportation are taken into account: cars and public transport, the latter being considered nonpolluting. The total social cost includes (a) the costs generated by the two modes of transport, (b) the congestion costs, and we add (c) environmental costs generated by using cars. Based on Arnott, De Palma, and Lindsey (1990, 1993), who developed a bottleneck congestion model, three alternative tolls are compared: a fine toll, a coarse toll, and a uniform toll. Thus, several types of urban toll are investigated and we also add a modal policy, which redistributes the gains from urban tax to public transport. We analyze the implementation of an economic tool and a modal policy to achieve a social optimum. Finally, we highlight that the uniform toll provides the greatest impact on car traffic reduction but induces the highest total social cost. A coarse toll and a uniform toll reduce the social cost in comparison with a no-toll equilibrium. We also point out that adding a modal policy to the toll is successful in reducing the total social cost. Numerical simulations back up this theoretical analysis.
机译：本文试图通过考虑城市税收工具来内化使用汽车产生的负面外部影响（拥堵和污染）。为此，我们提供了此城市收费系统的微观经济模型的开发，以最大程度地降低社会总成本。考虑了两种运输方式：汽车和公共交通，后者被认为是无污染的。社会总成本包括（a）两种运输方式产生的成本，（b）拥堵成本，以及我们（c）乘车产生的环境成本。基于Arnott，De Palma和Lindsey（1990，1993）（他们开发了瓶颈拥塞模型），比较了三种替代通行费：精细通行费，粗略通行费和统一通行费。因此，对几种类型的城市通行费进行了调查，我们还添加了一种模式政策，该政策将城市税收的收益重新分配给公共交通。我们分析了实现社会最优的经济工具和模式政策的实施。最后，我们强调统一的通行费对减少汽车交通影响最大，但会带来最高的总社会成本。与免费通行费均衡相比，粗略的通行费和统一的通行费降低了社会成本。我们还指出，在通行费上增加一种模式政策可以成功降低社会总成本。数值模拟支持了这一理论分析。

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