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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of economic issues >Network Consequences Due to Oligopolists and Oligopsonists in the Hog Industry, Pollution from Hog Production, and the Failure to Regulate Ecological Criteria
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Network Consequences Due to Oligopolists and Oligopsonists in the Hog Industry, Pollution from Hog Production, and the Failure to Regulate Ecological Criteria

机译：生猪业中的寡头垄断者和寡头主义者造成的网络后果，生猪生产造成的污染以及未能规范生态标准

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Humans have been in a symbiotic relationship with hogs since the time humans became a species. That relationship evolved into a set of transactional (as defined by instrumen-talists) processes beginning with the hunter-gatherer tribes. The network of relationships has continued to become more numerous, intense, and complex. Hogs have served in social systems with humans as societal symbols for prowess for numerous groups (with wild boars, for example, on coats of arms in Europe), as religious symbols (both positive and negative), as a source of human disease in the hog-chicken-human cycle for generating flu in Asia, and, more recently, as a source of organs to be transplanted into humans. We usually think of the hog as a proven converter of waste material and low-cost crops into human food and leather. That use of hogs-which has become an inefficient system-is the area of concern here. This analysis is based on the transactional network of institutional economics, as outlined in figure 1. The purpose is threefold. The first is to review the model of the relationship between the oligopsonistic corporations which slaughter hogs and the farmer-feeder hog producer. The second is to further develop the normative theoretical connection between ecological systems and social institutions (N_E in figure 1). Most analysis in ecological economics has concentrated on the impact of socioeconomic institutions on the ecological system. The analysis here emphasizes the delivery of ecological criteria (N_E) to institutional organizations from the ecology. Glen Atkinson has emphasized the importance of investigations of real world problems for improving the theoretical base of the institutionalist paradigm (2003, 5). That is a purpose here with regard to N_E The third purpose is to draw policy conclusions about the relationship between the pollution created by the concentrated hog confinement systems of oligopolistic pork processors and the concentrated ownership of the hog production system.
机译：自人类成为物种以来，人类就与猪处于共生关系。这种关系演变成从猎人-采集者部落开始的一系列交易过程（由工具学家定义）。关系网络继续变得越来越多，越来越紧张和越来越复杂。猪在人类的社会体系中作为许多群体的英勇社会标志（例如野猪，例如在欧洲的徽章上），作为宗教标志（正面和负面），是人类疾病的来源。在亚洲产生猪流感的猪－鸡－人的人类循环，最近又被作为器官移植到人类的来源。我们通常认为生猪是将废料和低成本农作物转化为人类食品和皮革的可靠方法。在这里，猪的使用已成为低效率的系统，这已成为低效率的系统。如图1所示，该分析基于制度经济学的交易网络。目的是三重的。首先是审查屠宰生猪的寡头公司与农户生猪生产者之间的关系模型。第二是进一步发展生态系统与社会制度之间的规范性理论联系（图1中的N_E）。生态经济学中的大多数分析都集中在社会经济制度对生态系统的影响上。这里的分析强调从生态学向机构组织传递生态学标准（N_E）。格伦·阿特金森（Glen Atkinson）强调了研究现实世界中的问题对于改善制度主义范式的理论基础的重要性（2003，5）。这是关于N_E的目的。第三个目的是就寡头猪肉加工者的集中生猪限制系统所产生的污染与生猪生产系统的集中所有权之间的关系得出政策结论。

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