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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology >Breeding failure induces large scale prospecting movements in the black-legged kittiwake
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Breeding failure induces large scale prospecting movements in the black-legged kittiwake

机译：繁殖失败导致黑脚成年虎的大规模探矿运动

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Before making dispersal decisions, many species are known to gather social information by prospecting potential future breeding sites, especially when they have failed breeding. So far, the role of current breeding performance on the occurrence of prospecting movements has mainly been studied at limited spatial scales, because of difficulties in tracking free-ranging, fast-moving individuals between distant breeding patches. Little information is thus available on individual behaviour and the spatial extent of prospecting movements in response to breeding failure. To address this issue, black-legged kittiwakes which breeding success was manipulated were tracked with GPS at the end of incubation in two Norwegian colonies. Crucially, and as predicted, prospecting visits to other breeding colonies were recorded in 33% of artificially-failed breeders, but never in successful ones. They occurred at large (40 km) as well as local spatial scales (1 km). Time-budgets of successful and failed breeders differed significantly in terms of trip duration, but also foraging, resting and nesting propensities. These results provide important elements to assess trade-offs between prospecting and other activities. They show that a substantial proportion of failed breeders prospect as early as within a week after failure at the egg stage and suggest that these individuals assess their options of future reproduction by prospecting alternative areas, although dispersal decisions may also involve more complex behavioural processes. Because they link breeding colonies situated tens of kilometres apart, prospecting movements may have critical implications for the dynamics of subdivided populations. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：在做出传播决定之前，已知许多物种通过寻找潜在的未来繁殖地点来收集社会信息，尤其是当它们繁殖失败时。到目前为止，由于难以追踪远距离繁殖斑块之间自由活动，快速移动的个体，目前主要在有限的空间尺度上研究了当前繁殖性能对探矿活动发生的作用。因此，很少有关于个体行为以及因繁殖失败而引起的探矿活动空间范围信息。为了解决这个问题，在两个挪威殖民地的孵化结束后，利用GPS追踪了操纵成功的黑脚kit。至关重要的是，正如所预测的那样，在33％的人工失败的育种者中记录了对其他育种群体的探视性访问，但从未成功进行过。它们发生在大范围（40 km）和局部空间尺度（1 km）上。成功和失败育种者的时间预算在行程持续时间，觅食，休息和筑巢倾向方面差异很大。这些结果为评估探矿活动与其他活动之间的取舍提供了重要的要素。他们表明，大部分失败的育种者早在卵期失败后一周内就可以发现，并建议这些人通过寻找替代区域来评估他们未来繁殖的选择，尽管分散决策也可能涉及更复杂的行为过程。因为它们将相距数十公里的繁殖群联系起来，所以勘探运动可能对细分种群的动态产生关键影响。 （C）2015 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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