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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology >The influence of temperature on embryonic developmental arrest in marine and freshwater turtles
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The influence of temperature on embryonic developmental arrest in marine and freshwater turtles

机译：温度对海龟和淡水龟胚胎发育停滞的影响

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Temporary arrest of embryonic development can occur both pre- and post-oviposition in turtles. Pre-ovipositional arrest is an obligate part of the life cycle and occurs universally in turtle embryos, commencing while eggs are in the oviduct and persisting until after oviposition. Pre-ovipositional arrest allows turtle mothers the flexibility to choose an optimum time to nest and provides embryos some capacity to respond to varying environmental conditions immediately after eggs are laid. Following oviposition, turtle embryos are known to be significantly affected by incubation conditions and specifically, temperature has a profound influence on developmental rate and success of embryos. We conducted a comparative investigation of how temperature influences (1) the duration of pre-ovipositional arrest after eggs are laid, (2) the number of embryos that fail to recommence development and (3) hatching success, using eggs of the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), and three species of freshwater turtle; the western oblong turtle (Chelodina oblonga), the eastern longneck turtle (Chelodina longicollis), and the Murray River turtle (Emydura macquarii). We incubated arrested eggs of each species at three different temperatures (low, medium, high) and monitored embryonic development immediately after oviposition and throughout incubation. Interspecific variation was evident in the effects that temperature had on pre-ovipositional arrest, subsequent embryonic development and hatching success. A major finding of this study was that, with the exception of E. macquarii, there was no significant difference in the time to white spot development (the first external visible sign of embryological development following arrest) between temperature treatments, suggesting that the resumption of development and the breaking of pre-ovipositional arrest after eggs are laid are independent of temperature. Furthermore, although the number of C. mydas eggs to successfully recommence development after oviposition was consistently high (-97-100％) across the three temperature treatments, a significant proportion of C oblonga and E. macquarii eggs failed to resume development In both the low and high temperature treatments the rate of C. oblonga embryo mortality was 95％ and 60％, respectively, and for E. macquarii it was 53％ and 24％ respectively. These findings bring us a step closer to understanding why failure to recommence development after oviposition causes high rates of early stage embryo mortality and decreased hatching success in turtles.
机译：胚胎发育的暂时停滞在产卵前和产后均可发生。产卵前停搏是生命周期的重要组成部分，普遍发生在乌龟胚胎中，从卵进入输卵管开始并持续到产卵后。产卵前的捕食使乌龟妈妈可以灵活地选择最佳的筑巢时间，并为胚胎提供了一定的能力，可在产卵后立即对变化的环境条件做出反应。产卵后，已知乌龟胚胎会受到孵化条件的显着影响，尤其是温度对胚胎的发育速度和成功有深远的影响。我们对温度如何影响（1）产卵后产卵前停搏的持续时间，（2）无法重新发育的胚胎数量和（3）使用绿海龟卵孵化成功进行了比较研究（Chelonia mydas）和三种淡水龟；西部长方龟（Chelodina oblonga），东部长颈龟（Chelodina longicollis）和默里河龟（Emydura macquarii）。我们在三个不同的温度（低，中，高）下孵育每种物种的被捕卵，并在产卵后和整个孵育过程中立即监测胚胎的发育。种间差异在温度对产卵前停搏，随后的胚胎发育和孵化成功的影响中很明显。这项研究的主要发现是，除麦加氏大肠杆菌外，不同温度处理之间白斑形成的时间（停滞后胚胎发育的第一个外部可见迹象）的时间没有显着差异，这表明温度恢复产卵后卵的发育和产卵前停滞的打破与温度无关。此外，尽管在三种温度处理下成功产卵后产卵的梭状芽胞杆菌卵数量始终很高（-97-100％），但是在两个产区中，很大比例的长圆形卵和麦氏大肠杆菌卵未能恢复发育。低温和高温处理下，长形梭菌的胚胎死亡率分别为95％和60％，而对麦加氏大肠杆菌则分别为53％和24％。这些发现使我们更进一步了解为什么产卵后未重新发育会导致早期胚胎死亡率高以及龟孵化成功率降低。

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