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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology >Transgenerational effects in an ecological context: Conditioning of adult sea urchins to upwelling conditions alters maternal provisioning and progeny phenotype
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Transgenerational effects in an ecological context: Conditioning of adult sea urchins to upwelling conditions alters maternal provisioning and progeny phenotype

机译：生态背景下的转基因效应：成人海胆调节升值条件改变了母体供应和后代表型

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Transgenerational plasticity occurs when the conditions experienced by the parental generation influence the pheno-type of their progeny. This may in turn affect progeny performance and physiological tolerance, providing a means by which organisms cope with rapid environmental change. We conditioned adult purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus putpurams, to combined pCO(2) and temperature conditions reflective of in situ conditions of their natural habitat, the benthos in kelp forests of nearshore California, and then assessed the performance of their progeny raised under different pCO(2) levels. Adults were conditioned during gametogenesis to treatments that reflected static non-upwelling (similar to 650 mu atm pCO(2), similar to 17 degrees C) and upwelling (similar to 1300 mu atm pCO(2), similar to 13 degrees C) conditions. Following approximately 4 months of conditioning, the adults were spawned and embryos were raised under low pCO(2) (similar to 450 mu atm pCO(2)) or high pCO(2)(similar to 1050 patm pCO(2)) treatments to determine if differential maternal conditioning impacted the progeny response to a single abiotic stressor: pCO(2). We examined the size, protein content, and lipid content of eggs from both sets of conditioned female urchins. Offspring were sampled at four stages of early development: hatched blastula, gastrula, prism, and echinopluteus. This resulted in four sets of offspring: (1) progeny from non-upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under low pCO(2), (2) progeny from non-upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under high pCO(2), (3) progeny from upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under low pCO(2), and (4) progeny from upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under high pCO(2). We then assessed the effects of maternal conditioning along with the effects of developmental pCO(2) levels on body size of the progeny. Our results showed that differential maternal conditioning had no impact on average egg size, although non-upwelling females produced eggs that were more variable in size. Maternal conditioning did not affect protein content but did have a modest impact on egg lipid content Developing embryos whose mothers were conditioned to simulated upwelling conditions (similar to 1300 mu atm pCO(2), similar to 13 degrees C) were greater in body size, although this effect was no longer evident at the echinopluteus larval stage. Although maternal conditioning affected offspring body size, the pCO(2) levels under which the embryos were raised did not. Overall, this laboratory study provides insight into how transgenerational effects may function in nature. The impacts of parental environmental history on progeny phenotype during early development have important implications regarding recruitment success and population-level effects.
机译：当父母生成的条件影响其后代的酚类类型时，发生转基因可塑性。这可能反过来影响后代性能和生理耐受性，提供一种手段，通过这种方式应对快速环境变化。我们调节成人紫海胆，Shiblylocentrotus Putpurams，组合PCO（2）和温度条件，反映了自然栖息地的原位状况，近岸加利福尼亚海藻林的Benthos，然后评估了他们在不同PCO下提出的后代的表现（2）水平。在配子发生期间将成年人调节，以治疗反映静态非升值（类似于650亩ATM PCO（2），类似于17℃）和升值（类似于1300亩ATM PCO（2），类似于13℃）条件。在约4个月的调理后，将成人产生生成，在低PCO（2）（类似于450μmatm（2））或高PCO（2）（类似于1050 PATM PCO（2））治疗后饲养胚胎确定差分母体调理是否会影响对单一非生物应激源的后代反应：PCO（2）。我们研究了来自两组调节的雌性血管卵的大小，蛋白质含量和脂质含量。在早期发展的四个阶段进行了后代：孵化的Blastula，胃肠，棱镜和埃希突。这导致了四组后代：（1）从低PCO（2），（2）在高PCO（2），（3）后饲养的非升高条件母亲的母亲下饲养的非升高条件母亲的后代从高PCO（2）的升起的母亲，和（4）从高PCO（2）下饲养的升起的母亲的后代然后，我们评估母体调理的影响以及发育PCO（2）水平对后代体积的影响。我们的研究结果表明，差异母体调理对平均卵子尺寸没有影响，尽管非升值的女性产生的卵子尺寸更具变化。母体调理不影响蛋白质含量，但对蛋脂肪含量产生了适度的影响，蛋脂肪含量发育胚胎，其母亲被调节到模拟升值条件（类似于13℃的ATM PCO（2），类似于13℃）的体型更大，虽然这种效果在Echinopluteus幼虫阶段不再是明显的。虽然母体调理影响了后代体型，但饲养胚胎的PCO（2）水平没有。总体而言，该实验室研究介绍了转基因效应如何在自然界中起作用的洞察。父母环境史对早期发展中后代表型的影响对招聘成功和人口水平效应具有重要意义。

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