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Democracy without political parties: the case of ancient Athens

机译：没有政党的民主：古代雅典的情况

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Political parties, formal, durable and mass organizations that inform voters on public policy issues, nominate candidates for office and fight elections for the right to govern, are ubiquitous in modern representative democracies but were absent from the direct participatory democracy of ancient Athens. The paper investigates how the political institutions of Athens may explain their absence. The arguments explored include voter homogeneity; the conditions at the start of the democracy, characterized by single constituency configuration of the demos, simple majority voting and lack of organized groups; the irrelevance of holding public office for determining public policy; appointment to public posts through sortition; and voting on single-dimension issues. The paper then discusses how in the absence of parties voters became informed and how political leaders were held accountable by the courts.
机译：在现代代议制民主国家中，无处不在的政党，正式，持久和群众组织向选民提供有关公共政策问题的信息，提名候选人并为执政权进行斗争的选举，但在古代雅典的直接参与民主制中却没有。本文调查了雅典的政治机构如何解释它们的缺席。探讨的论点包括选民的同质性。民主制度开始时的条件，其特征是民主的单一选区配置，简单的多数投票和缺乏有组织的团体；担任公职与确定公共政策无关；通过分类任命担任公共职务；并就一维问题进行投票。然后，本文讨论了在没有政党的情况下，如何让选民了解情况，以及法院如何向政治领导人追究责任。

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