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Measuring Poverty: Context-Specific but not Relative

机译：衡量贫困：因地制宜，而非相对

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摘要

Poverty in developed countries is commonly defined in relative terms. It is argued that a relative definition formalises the insight that poverty is a context-specific phenomenon, and that the understanding of what constitutes poverty changes with overall economic development. Yet this article argues that tagging a poverty line to mean or median incomes does not automatically anchor it in its social context. Relative measures rely on the implicit assumptions that social norms are formed at the national level, and that median income earners set social standards. A comparison with studies on 'Subjective Well-Being' (SWB) shows that these assumptions are rather arbitrary. At the same time, relative indicators do not take account of changes in the product market structure that disproportionately affect the poor. If low-cost substitutes for expensive items become available, the poor will be relatively more affected than median income earners. Conventional 'absolute poverty' indicators will be equally dismissed for not solving these problems either. A combined 'Consensual Material Deprivation' and 'Budget Standard Approach' indicator will be proposed as a more robust alternative.
机译：发达国家的贫困通常用相对术语来定义。有人认为，相对的定义可以使以下观点正式化：贫困是一种因地制宜的现象，而对构成贫困的理解随着整体经济发展而变化。然而，本文认为，将贫困线标记为平均收入或中位数收入并不会自动将其固定在其社会环境中。相对措施依赖于以下隐含假设：社会规范是在国家层面形成的，而中等收入者设定了社会标准。与“主观幸福感”（SWB）研究的比较表明，这些假设是相当武断的。同时，相关指标并未考虑到影响穷人的产品市场结构的变化。如果能够找到昂贵物品的低成本替代品，那么穷人将比中等收入者受影响更大。常规的“绝对贫困”指标也将同样被取消，因为它们也不能解决这些问题。将提出“共识性物质剥夺”和“预算标准方法”的综合指标，作为更可靠的选择。

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  • 来源
    《Journal of Public Policy》 |2010年第3期|p.241-262|共22页
  • 作者

    KRISTIAN NIEMIETZ;

  • 作者单位

    King's Institute for the Study of Public Policy (KISPP) King's College London Melbourne House,Room 515,Strand London WC2R 2LS Institute of Economic Affairs 2 Lord North Street,Westminster London SWIP 3LB;

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