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The beginning of university entrepreneurship in Japan: TLOs and bioventures lead the way

机译：日本大学创业的开始：TLO和生物冒险引领潮流

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Following reforms between 1998 and 2004, Japan's technology transfer system closely resembles the U.S. Bayh-Dole system. Numbers of TLO patents and licenses and numbers of startups are respectable compared to U.S. numbers shortly after enactment of Bayh-Dole. However, capabilities of TLOs vary, average royalties are low, and business prospects for most startups seem limited. In contrast, joint research with companies is increasing rapidly. Most joint research inventions are jointly owned giving the companies an automatic de facto, non-transferable, royalty-free and license. Data from one university show a large proportion of engineering and materials/chemistry inventions are attributed to joint research with large companies, thus limiting opportunities for startup formation and licensing to other small companies. (In biomedicine, pre-emption of discoveries by joint research is less.) Pre-emption of university discoveries (often publicly funded) under joint research agreements recreates the pre-reform system, where corporate donations also enabled pre-emption of discoveries. Like the old system, the new system is advantageous to established companies. Strengthening the formal system (including programs to assist startups) may redress this balance and give Japan the benefits of both types of technology transfer systems.
机译：在1998年至2004年进行改革之后，日本的技术转让体系与美国的Bayh-Dole体系非常相似。在颁布Bayh-Dole之后不久，与美国的数量相比，TLO专利和许可的数量以及初创企业的数量是可观的。但是，TLO的功能各不相同，平均特许权使用费较低，大多数初创企业的业务前景似乎很有限。相反，与公司的联合研究正在迅速增加。大多数联合研究发明是共同拥有的，为公司提供了自动的，事实上的，不可转让的，免版税的和许可的公司。一所大学的数据显示，工程和材料/化学发明的很大一部分归因于与大公司的联合研究，从而限制了初创公司成立和向其他小公司授予许可的机会。 （在生物医学领域，通过联合研究先发制人的发现要少。）根据联合研究协议对大学发现（通常是公共资助）的先发制人，将创造出改革前的制度，企业捐赠也使先发制人得以先发制人。与旧系统一样，新系统对已建立的公司有利。加强正式制度（包括协助初创企业的计划）可以纠正这种平衡，并使日本从两种类型的技术转让制度中受益。

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