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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews >North American Osprey Populations and Contaminants: Historic and Contemporary Perspectives
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North American Osprey Populations and Contaminants: Historic and Contemporary Perspectives

机译：北美鱼鹰种群和污染物：历史和当代观点

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摘要

Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) populations were adversely affected by DDT and perhaps other contaminants in the United States and elsewhere. Reduced productivity, eggshell thinning, and high DDE concentrations in eggs were the signs associated with declining osprey populations in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. The species was one of the first studied on a large scale to bring contaminant issues into focus. Although few quantitative population data were available prior to the 1960s, many osprey populations in North America were studied during the 1960s and 1970s with much learned about basic life history and biology. This article reviews the historical and current effects of contaminants on regional osprey populations. Breeding populations in many regions of North America showed post-DDT-era (1972) population increases of varying magnitudes, with many populations now appearing to stabilize at much higher numbers than initially reported in the 1970s and 1980s. However, the magnitude of regional population increases in the United States between 1981 (first Nationwide Survey, 8,000 pairs), when some recovery had already occurred, 1994 (second survey, 14,200), and 2001 (third survey, 16,000-19,000), or any other years, is likely not a simple response to the release from earlier contaminant effects, but a response to multi-factorial effects. This indirect “contaminant effects” measurement comparing changes (i.e., recovery) in post-DDT-era population numbers over time is probably confounded by changing human attitudes toward birds of prey (shooting, destroying nests, etc.), changing habitats, changing fish populations, and perhaps competition from other species. The species' adaptation to newly created reservoirs and its increasing use of artificial nesting structures (power poles, nesting platforms, cell towers, channel markers, offshore duck blinds, etc.) are two important factors. The timing of the initial use of artificial nesting structures, which replaced declining numbers of suitable trees at many locations, varied regionally (much later in the western United States and Mexico). Because of the increasing use of artificial nesting structures, there may be more ospreys nesting in North America now than ever before. Now, with the impact of most legacy organic contaminants (DDT, other organochlorine [OC] pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls [PCB], polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins [PCDD], polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF]) greatly reduced or eliminated, and some osprey populations showing evidence of stabilizing, the species was proposed as a Worldwide Sentinel Species for evaluating emerging contaminants. Several emerging contaminants are already being studied, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and perfluorinated acids and sulfonate compounds (PFC). The many advantages for continued contaminant investigations using the osprey include a good understanding of its biology and ecology, its known distribution and abundance, and its ability to habituate to humans and their activities, which permits nesting in some of the potentially most contaminated environments. It is a top predator in most ecosystems, and its nests are relatively easy to locate and study with little researcher impact on reproductive success.View full textDownload full textRelated var addthis_config = { ui_cobrand: "Taylor & Francis Online", services_compact: "citeulike,netvibes,twitter,technorati,delicious,linkedin,facebook,stumbleupon,digg,google,more", pubid: "ra-4dff56cd6bb1830b" }; Add to shortlist Link Permalink http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2010.538658
机译：鱼鹰（Pandion haliaetus）种群在美国和其他地方受到滴滴涕和其他污染物的不利影响。在1950年代，1960年代和1970年代，降低的生产率，蛋壳变薄以及鸡蛋中DDE含量高是与鱼鹰种群减少有关的迹象。该物种是最早进行大规模研究以使污染问题成为焦点的物种之一。尽管在1960年代之前几乎没有定量的人口数据，但是在1960年代和1970年代对北美的许多鱼鹰种群进行了研究，他们对基本的生活史和生物学有了很多了解。本文回顾了污染物对区域鱼鹰种群的历史和当前影响。北美许多地区的繁殖种群显示，DDT时代后（1972年）的种群数量出现了不同程度的增长，许多种群现在似乎以远高于最初在1970年代和1980年代报道的数量稳定下来。但是，在1981年（第一次全国范围的调查，8,000对）和1994年（第二次调查，14,200）和2001年（第三次调查，16,000-19,000）之间，美国区域人口的数量增加了（该数字已经恢复了）。在任何其他年份，可能不是对早期污染物效应释放的简单响应，而是对多因素效应的响应。这种间接的“污染效应”测量方法是比较滴滴涕时代后人口数量随时间的变化（即恢复），这可能是由于改变了人类对猛禽的态度（射击，破坏巢穴等），改变了栖息地而造成的。 ，不断变化的鱼类种群，也许还有其他物种的竞争。该物种对新近建立的水库的适应性以及对人工筑巢结构（电线杆，筑巢平台，细胞塔，通道标记，近海鸭子百叶窗等）的使用日益增加是两个重要因素。人工嵌套结构的最初使用时机（在许多地方取代了数量不断下降的合适树木的时间）因地区而异（很久以后在美国西部和墨西哥）。由于越来越多地使用人工筑巢结构，现在北美的鱼鹰筑巢可能比以往任何时候都要多。现在，在大多数传统有机污染物（滴滴涕，其他有机氯[OC]农药，多氯联苯[PCB]，多氯二苯并对二恶英[PCDD]，多氯二苯并呋喃[PCDF]）的影响下，一些鱼骨油该种群被证明是稳定种群的证据，被提议作为评估新兴污染物的全球前哨物种，已经研究了几种新兴污染物，例如多溴二苯醚（PBDE），全氟酸和磺酸盐化合物（PFC）。使用该鱼鹰进行的持续的污染物调查包括对它的生物学和生态学，已知的分布和丰度以及对人类及其活动的适应能力的良好理解，这使它们可以在某些潜在的污染最严重的环境中筑巢。在大多数生态系统中，其巢相对容易定位和研究，对研究人员的影响很小查看全文下载全文相关变量var addthis_config = {ui_cobrand：“泰勒和弗朗西斯在线”，service_compact：“ citeulike，netvibes，twitter，technorati，delicious，linkedin，facebook，stumbleupon，digg，google，更多”，pubid： “ ra-4dff56cd6bb1830b”};添加到候选列表链接永久链接http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2010.538658

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