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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research >Human responses to eruptions of Etna (Sicily) during the late-Pre-Industrial Era and their implications for present-day disaster planning
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Human responses to eruptions of Etna (Sicily) during the late-Pre-Industrial Era and their implications for present-day disaster planning

机译：工业化前晚期人类对埃特纳火山（西西里岛）爆发的反应及其对当今灾难规划的影响

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摘要

This paper summarises: the characteristics of eruptions that occurred between 1792/3 and 1923; the ways in which human responses evolved during the period and the lessons this history holds for the management of present-day volcanic and volcano-related disasters. People responded to eruptions at three levels: as members of a family and extended family: through the mutual support of a village or larger settlement and as citizens of the State. During the study period and with the exception of limited financial aid and preservation of law and order, the State was a minor player in responding to eruptions. Families and extended families provided shelter, accommodation and often alternative agricultural employment; whilst supportive villages communities displayed a well developed tendency to learn from experience (e.g. innovating techniques to bring land back into cultivation and avoiding the risks of phreatic activity as lava encountered water and saturated ground) and providing labour to enable household chattels and agricultural crops to be salvaged from land threatened with lava incursion. Eruptions were widely believed to be 'Acts of God', with divine punishment frequently being invoked as a primary cause of human suffering. Elaborate rituals of propitiation were performed to appease a supposed angry God, but this world-view did not produce a fatalistic attitude amongst the population preventing people from coping with disasters in a generally effective manner. Despite present day emergencies being handled by the State and its agencies, some features of nineteenth century responses remain in evidence, including salvaging all that may be easily removed from a building and/or agricultural holding, and explanations of disaster which are theistic in character. Lessons from eruptions that occurred between 1792/3 to 1923 are that the former should be encouraged, whilst the latter does not prevent people acting to preserve life and property or obeying the authorities. Earthquakes are one category of hazard that caused major damage during, or associated with, several historic eruptions especially those of 1865,1883 and 1911. This study highlights the vulnerability of the Etna region to this hazard which remains largely un-ameliorated. Attempts to divert lava flows occurred during the 1832, 1879 and 1923 eruptions.
机译：本文总结：1792/3至1923年间爆发的特征；在这段时期内人类应对方式的演变以及这段历史为当今火山和与火山相关的灾害的管理提供了教训。人们对火山爆发的反应在三个层面上：作为家庭成员和大家庭：通过村庄或更大的定居点的相互支持以及作为国家公民。在研究期间，除了有限的财政援助和维护法律与秩序外，国家在应对火山爆发方面只是次要角色。家庭和大家庭提供住所，住宿和经常的替代性农业就业；同时，支持性的乡村社区表现出很好的学习经验的趋势（例如，创新技术使土地重新耕种，避免熔岩遇到水和饱和地面时进行潜水活动的风险），并提供劳动力以使家庭聊天和农作物成为从受到熔岩入侵威胁的土地中抢救出来。人们普遍认为火山爆发是“上帝的作为”，神圣的惩罚经常被认为是造成人类苦难的主要原因。人们进行了精心的of葬仪式，以安抚一个所谓的愤怒的上帝，但这种世界观并未在人们中间产生宿命论态度，使人们无法以普遍有效的方式应对灾难。尽管国家及其机构正在处理当前的紧急情况，但十九世纪应对措施的某些特征仍然明显，包括抢救所有可能从建筑物和/或农业财产中轻易清除的东西，以及对灾害的解释，这是有神论的。从1792/3到1923年发生的火山爆发的教训是，应该鼓励前者，而后者并不能阻止人们为保护生命和财产而采取行动或服从当局。地震是一类灾害，在几次历史性喷发中尤其是1865、1883和1911年的喷发中造成了重大破坏，或与之相关联。这项研究着重指出，埃特纳火山地区对这种危害的脆弱性仍未得到缓解。在1832年，1879年和1923年的喷发中曾试图转移熔岩流。

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