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首页> 外文期刊>Marine ecology progress series >Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans: a review
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Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans: a review

机译：水母开花的人为原因及其对人类的直接后果：综述

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Although recent articles state that jellyfish populations are increasing, most available evidence shows that jellyfish abundances fluctuate with climatic cycles. Reports of increasing problems with jellyfish, especially in East Asia, are too recent to exclude decadal climate cycles. Jellyfish are infamous for their direct negative effects on human enterprise; specifically, they interfere with tourism by stinging swimmers, fishing by clogging nets, aquaculture by killing fish in net-pens and power plants by clogging cooling-water intake screens. They also have indirect effects on fisheries by feeding on zooplankton and ichthyoplankton, and, therefore, are predators and potential competitors of fish. Ironically, many human activities may contribute to increases in jellyfish populations in coastal waters. Increased jellyfish and ctenophore populations often are associated with warming caused by climate changes and possibly power plant thermal effluents. Jellyfish may benefit from eutrophication, which can increase small-zooplankton abundance, turbidity and hypoxia, all conditions that may favor jellyfish over fish. Fishing activities can remove predators of jellyfish and zooplanktivorous fish competitors as well as cause large-scale ecosystem changes that improve conditions for jellyfish. Aquaculture releases millions of jellyfish into Asian coastal waters yearly to enhance the jellyfish fishery. Aquaculture and other marine structures provide favorable habitat for the benthic stages of jellyfish. Changes in the hydrological regime due to dams and other construction can change the salinity to favor jellyfish. Accidental introductions of non-native gelatinous species into disturbed ecosystems have led to blooms with serious consequences. In many coastal areas, most of these environmental changes occur simultaneously. We summarize cases of problem jellyfish blooms and the evidence for anthropogenic habitat disruptions that may have caused them. Rapid development in East Asia makes that region especially vulnerable to escalating problems. We conclude that human effects on coastal environments are certain to increase, and jellyfish blooms may increase as a consequence.
机译：尽管最近的文章指出水母的数量正在增加，但是大多数现有证据表明水母的丰度随着气候周期而波动。关于水母问题日益增加的报道，尤其是在东亚，是最近的报道，不能排除年代际气候周期。水母以其对人类事业的直接负面影响而臭名昭著。具体来说，它们会刺激游泳者，堵塞渔网来捕鱼，堵塞网兜杀死鱼类而造成水产养殖以及堵塞冷却水进水口网而破坏发电厂，从而干扰旅游业。它们还以浮游动物和浮游鱼类为食，对渔业产生间接影响，因此，它们是鱼类的捕食者和潜在竞争者。具有讽刺意味的是，许多人类活动可能有助于增加沿海水域的水母种群。水母和c鳍种群的增加通常与气候变化和可能的电厂热废水引起的变暖有关。水母可能会因富营养化而受益，富营养化会增加小Zooplankton的丰度，浊度和缺氧，所有这些情况都比水母更有利于水母。捕捞活动可以消除水母和游动鱼类竞争者的捕食者，并引起大规模的生态系统变化，从而改善水母的条件。水产养殖业每年向亚洲沿海水域释放数百万只水母，以增强水母渔业。水产养殖和其他海洋结构为水母的底栖阶段提供了有利的栖息地。由于水坝和其他建筑而引起的水文状况变化会改变盐度，从而有利于水母。意外将非本地胶状物种引入受干扰的生态系统导致了水灾，造成了严重后果。在许多沿海地区，大多数环境变化是同时发生的。我们总结了有问题的水母泛滥的情况，以及可能造成这些问题的人为栖息地破坏的证据。东亚的快速发展使该地区特别容易受到不断升级的问题的影响。我们得出的结论是，人类对沿海环境的影响肯定会增加，其结果是水母泛滥可能会增加。

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