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Biomimetic porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

机译：用于骨组织工程的仿生多孔支架

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摘要

Increased use of reconstruction procedures in orthopedics, due to trauma, tumor, deformity, degeneration and an aging population, has caused a blossom, not only in surgical advancement, but also in the development of bone implants. Traditional synthetic porous scaffolds are made of metals, polymers, ceramics or even composite biomaterials, in which the design does not consider the native structure and properties of cells and natural tissues. Thus, these synthetic scaffolds often poorly integrate with the cells and surrounding host tissue, thereby resulting in unsatisfactory surgical outcomes due to poor corrosion and wear, mechanical mismatch, unamiable surface environment, and other unfavorable properties. Musculoskeletal tissue reconstruction is the ultimate objective in orthopedic surgery. This objective can be achieved by (ⅰ) prosthesis or fixation device implantation, and (ⅱ) tissue engineered bone scaffolds. These devices focus on the design of implants, regardless of the choice of new biomaterials. Indeed, metallic materials, e.g. 316L stainless steel, titanium alloys and cobalt chromium alloys, are predominantly used in bone surgeries, especially in the load-bearing zone of prostheses. The engineered scaffolds take biodegradability, cell biology, biomolecules and material mechanical properties into account, in which these features are ideally suited for bone tissue repair and regeneration. Therefore, the design of the scaffold is extremely important to the success of clinical outcomes in musculoskeletal surgeries. The ideal scaffolds should mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) as much as possible, since the ECM found in natural tissues supports cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, indicating that scaffolds should consist of appropriate biochemistry and nano/micro-scale surface topographies, in order to formulate favorable binding sites to actively regulate and control cell and tissue behavior, while interacting with host cells. In addition, scaffolds should also possess a similar macro structure to what is found in natural bone. This feature may provide space for the growth of cells and new tissues, as well as for the carriers of growth factors. Another important concern is the mechanical properties of scaffolds. It has been reported that the mechanical features can significantly influence the osteointegration between implants and surrounding tissues, as well as cell behaviors. Since natural bone exhibits super-elastic biomechanical properties with a Young's modulus value in the range of 1-27 GPa, the ideal scaffolds should mimic strength, stiffness and mechanical behavior, so as to avoid possible post-operation stress shielding effects, which induce bone resorption and consequent implant failure. In addition, the rate of degradation and the by-products of biodegradable materials are also critical in the role of bone regeneration. Indeed, the mechanical integrity of a scaffold will be significantly reduced if the degradation rate is rapid, thereby resulting in a pre-matured collapse of the scaffold before the tissue is regenerated. Another concern is that the by-products upon degradation may alter the tissue microenvironment and then challenge the biocompatibility of the scaffold and the subsequent tissue repair. Therefore, these two factors should be carefully considered when designing new biomaterials for tissue regeneration. To address the aforementioned questions, an overview of the design of ideal biomimetic porous scaffolds is presented in this paper. Hence, a number of original engineering processes and techniques, including the production of a hierarchical structure on both the macro- and nano-scales, the adjustment of biomechanical properties through structural alignment and chemical components, the control of the biodegradability of the scaffold and its by-products, the change of biomimetic surface properties by altering interfacial chemistry, and micro- and nano-topographies will be discussed. In general, the concepts and techniques mentioned above provide insights into designing superior biomimetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
机译：由于创伤，肿瘤，畸形，退化和人口老龄化，整形外科手术中重建程序的使用增加，不仅在外科手术进展中，而且在骨植入物的发展中，都引起了开花。传统的合成多孔支架是由金属，聚合物，陶瓷甚至复合生物材料制成的，其中的设计并未考虑细胞和天然组织的天然结构和特性。因此，由于不良的腐蚀和磨损，机械失配，不舒适的表面环境和其他不利的性质，这些合成支架常常与细胞和周围的宿主组织整合不良，从而导致不能令人满意的手术结果。骨骼肌组织重建是整形外科的最终目标。此目的可通过（ⅰ）假体或固定装置植入和（ⅱ）组织工程化骨支架来实现。无论选择哪种新的生物材料，这些设备都专注于植入物的设计。确实，金属材料例如316L不锈钢，钛合金和钴铬合金主要用于骨外科，尤其是在假体的承重区域。工程支架考虑了生物降解性，细胞生物学，生物分子和材料机械性能，其中这些功能非常适合骨骼组织的修复和再生。因此，支架的设计对于肌肉骨骼外科手术临床结果的成功极为重要。理想的支架应尽可能模拟天然细胞外基质（ECM），因为在自然组织中发现的ECM支持细胞附着，增殖和分化，这表明支架应包括适当的生物化学和纳米/微米级表面形貌，为了配制有利的结合位点，以在与宿主细胞相互作用的同时主动调节和控制细胞和组织的行为。此外，支架还应具有与天然骨骼相似的宏观结构。该特征可以为细胞和新组织的生长以及生长因子的载体提供空间。另一个重要的问题是支架的机械性能。据报道，机械特征可显着影响植入物与周围组织之间的骨整合以及细胞行为。由于天然骨表现出超弹性的生物力学特性，其杨氏模量值在1-27 GPa范围内，因此理想的脚手架应模仿强度，刚度和机械性能，以避免可能引起骨应力的术后应力屏蔽效应吸收和随之而来的植入失败。另外，降解速率和可生物降解材料的副产物在骨骼再生中也很关键。实际上，如果降解速率迅速，则支架的机械完整性将显着降低，从而导致支架在组织再生之前预先成熟。另一个担忧是降解时产生的副产物可能会改变组织的微环境，然后挑战支架的生物相容性和随后的组织修复。因此，在设计用于组织再生的新生物材料时应仔细考虑这两个因素。为了解决上述问题，本文概述了理想的仿生多孔支架的设计。因此，许多原始的工程过程和技术，包括在宏观和纳米尺度上产生层次结构，通过结构排列和化学成分调节生物力学性能，控制支架及其支架的生物降解性。副产物，将通过改变界面化学来改变仿生表面特性，并讨论微观和纳米形貌。通常，上述概念和技术为设计用于骨组织工程的优质仿生支架提供了见识。

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  • 来源
    《Materials Science & Engineering》 |2014年第6期|1-36|共36页
  • 作者

    Shuilin Wu; Xiangmei Liu; Kelvin W.K. Yeung; Changsheng Liu; Xianjin Yang;

  • 作者单位

    Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China;

    Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China;

    Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, 1 Haiyuan 1st Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China;

    Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China;

    Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    Biomimetic; Scaffold; Bone implants; Tissue engineering; Surface bio-functionalization;

    机译：仿生;脚手架;骨植入物;组织工程;表面生物功能化;

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