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Novel competitors shape species' responses to climate change

机译：新型竞争者塑造物种对气候变化的反应

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摘要

Understanding how species respond to climate change is critical for forecasting the future dynamics and distribution of pests, diseases and biological diversity(1-3). Although ecologists have long acknowledged species' direct physiological and demographic responses to climate, more recent work suggests that these direct responses can be overwhelmed by indirect effects mediated via other interacting community members(2-7). Theory suggests that some of the most dramatic impacts of community change will probably arise through the assembly of novel species combinations after asynchronous migrations with climate(8-10). Empirical tests of this prediction are rare, as existing work focuses on the effects of changing interactions between competitors that co-occur today(7,11-15). To explore how species' responses to climate warming depend on how their competitors migrate to track climate, we transplanted alpine plant species and intact plant communities along a climate gradient in the Swiss Alps. Here we show that when alpine plants were transplanted to warmer climates to simulate a migration failure, their performance was strongly reduced by novel competitors that could migrate upwards from lower elevation; these effects generally exceeded the impact of warming on competition with current competitors. In contrast, when we grew the focal plants under their current climate to simulate climate tracking, a shift in the competitive environment to novel high-elevation competitors had little to no effect. This asymmetry in the importance of changing competitor identity at the leading versus trailing range edges is best explained by the degree of functional similarity between current and novel competitors. We conclude that accounting for novel competitive interactions may be essential to predict species' responses to climate change accurately.
机译：了解物种对气候变化的响应方式对于预测虫害，疾病和生物多样性的未来动态和分布至关重要（1-3）。尽管生态学家早就认识到物种对气候的直接生理和人口响应，但最近的研究表明，这些直接响应可能会被其他相互作用的社区成员介导的间接影响所淹没（2-7）。从理论上讲，随着气候的异步迁移，群落变化的一些最戏剧性的影响可能是通过新颖物种组合的组装而产生的（8-10）。这种预测的实证检验很少，因为现有的工作集中在当今共同发生的竞争者之间不断变化的相互作用的影响上（7,11-15）。为了探索物种对气候变暖的反应如何取决于其竞争者如何迁移以追踪气候，我们在瑞士阿尔卑斯山沿气候梯度移植了高山植物物种和完整的植物群落。在这里，我们表明，当高山植物被移植到温暖的气候中模拟迁移失败时，其性能会被新型竞争者大大降低，这些竞争者可以从较低的海拔向上迁移。这些影响通常超过了升温对当前竞争对手的影响。相反，当我们在当前气候下将焦点植物生长以模拟气候跟踪时，将竞争环境转变为新型的高海拔竞争者几乎没有影响。当前和新竞争者之间功能相似的程度可以最好地解释这种不对称性在改变领先者与落后者之间的重要性方面的重要性。我们得出结论，考虑到新颖的竞争相互作用对于准确预测物种对气候变化的响应可能至关重要。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2015年第7570期|515-518|共4页
  • 作者

    Alexander Jake M.; Diez Jeffrey M.; Levine Jonathan M.;

  • 作者单位

    ETH, Inst Integrat Biol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland;

    Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA;

    ETH, Inst Integrat Biol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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