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Behavioural and genetic analyses of Nasonia shed light on the evolution of sex pheromones

机译：Nasonia的行为和遗传分析为性信息素的进化提供了启示

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摘要

Sex pheromones play a pivotal role in the communication of many sexually reproducing organisms. Accordingly, speciation is often accompanied by pheromone diversification enabling proper mate finding and recognition. Current theory implies that chemical signals are under stabilizing selection by the receivers who thereby maintain the integrity of the signals. How the tremendous diversity of sex pheromones seen today evolved is poorly understood. Here we unravel the genetics of a newly evolved pheromone pheno-type in wasps and present results from behavioural experiments indicating how the evolution of a new pheromone component occurred in an established sender-receiver system. We show that male Nasonia vitripennis evolved an additional pheromone compound differing only in its stereochemistry from a pre-existing one. Comparative behavioural studies show that conspecific females responded neutrally to the new pheromone phenotype when it evolved. Genetic mapping and gene knockdown show that a cluster of three closely linked genes accounts for the ability to produce this new pheromone phenotype. Our data suggest that new pheromone compounds can persist in a sender's population, without being selected against by the receiver and without the receiver having a pre-existing preference for the new pheromone phenotype, by initially remaining unperceived. Our results thus contribute valuable new insights into the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the diversification of sex pheromones. Furthermore, they indicate that the genetic basis of new pheromone compounds can be simple, allowing them to persist long enough in a population for receivers to evolve chemosensory adaptations for their exploitation.%演化最引人瞩目和最重要的一面是， 一个物种rn是怎样分成两个新物种的。由于生殖是演化变rn化的基石，所以性取向的变化经常是催化剂。rn但这又提出一个问题：如果说某一物种的雄性rn和雌性已形成了在很多相似物种中相互分辨对rn方的成熟、稳定的方式，那么性信号的变化是rn怎样开始的呢?雄性黄蜂被发现会演化形成它rn们已有性激素的变种，这些变种最初未被雌性rn注意到。虽然这些变种并没有被“正选择”，rn但它们也没有被“负选择”——它们只是等待rn下去，直到雌性演化形成能够分辨它们的特定rn机制为止。
机译：性信息素在许多有性生殖生物的交流中起着关键作用。因此，物种形成常常伴随着信息素的多样化，从而可以正确地寻找和识别伴侣。当前的理论暗示化学信号正在由接收器稳定选择，接收器由此保持信号的完整性。当今人们对性信息素的巨大多样性是如何进化的了解甚少。在这里，我们揭示了黄蜂中新形成的信息素表型的遗传，并给出了行为实验的结果，这些实验表明新的信息素成分的进化是如何在已建立的发送者-接收者系统中发生的。我们表明，雄性Nasonia vitripennis进化出一种额外的信息素化合物，其立体化学与现有化合物不同。比较的行为研究表明，特定雌性在进化过程中对新信息素表型产生中性反应。遗传作图和基因敲低表明，由三个紧密相连的基因组成的簇负责产生这种新信息素表型的能力。我们的数据表明，新的信息素化合物可以在发送者的种群中持续存在，而不会被接收者所选择，并且接收者不会因为最初保持未被感知而对新的信息素表型具有预先存在的偏好。因此，我们的结果为性信息素多样化的进化机制提供了有价值的新见解。此外，他们指出，新信息素化合物的遗传基础很简单，可以使它们在种群中持续足够长的时间，以使接收者能够进化出适合其利用的化学感觉适应性。 rn是又一系列提出了一个问题：如果说只有少量的雄性rn和雌性已形成了在很多相似物种中相互分辨对rn方的成熟，稳定的方式，那么性信号的变化是rn怎样开始的呢？雄性黄蜂被发现会演变成它rn们已有性激素的变种，这些变种最初变为雌性rn注意到。虽然这些变种并没有被“正选择”，rn但它们也没有被“负选择”-它们只是等待rn下去，直到雌性进化形成能够分辨其特定的机制为止。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2013年第7437期|345-348a3|共5页
  • 作者

    Oliver Niehuis; Jan Buellesbach; Joshua D. Gibson; Daniela Pothmann; Christian Hanner; Navdeep S. Mutti; Andrea K. Judson; Juergen Gadau; Joachim Ruther; Thomas Schmitt;

  • 作者单位

    Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA;

    School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA,Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;

    School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA;

    Department of Zoology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;

    Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;

    School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA,DuPont Experimental Station, DuPont-Pioneer Agricultural Biotechnology, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0353, USA;

    School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA;

    School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA;

    Department of Zoology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;

    Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany,Ecological Network Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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