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Increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern China based on atmospheric observations

机译：根据大气观测，中国东部地区CFC-11排放量增加

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摘要

The recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer relies on the continued decline in the atmospheric concentrations of ozone-depleting gases such as chlorofluorocarbons(1). The atmospheric concentration of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), the second-most abundant chlorofluorocarbon, has declined substantially since the mid-1990s(2). A recently reported slowdown in the decline of the atmospheric concentration of CFC-11 after 2012, however, suggests that global emissions have increased(3,4). A concurrent increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern Asia contributes to the global emission increase, but the location and magnitude of this regional source are unknown(3). Here, using high-frequency atmospheric observations from Gosan, South Korea, and Hateruma, Japan, together with global monitoring data and atmospheric chemical transport model simulations, we investigate regional CFC-11 emissions from eastern Asia. We show that emissions from eastern mainland China are 7.0 +/- 3.0 (+/- 1 standard deviation) gigagrams per year higher in 2014-2017 than in 2008-2012, and that the increase in emissions arises primarily around the northeastern provinces of Shandong and Hebei. This increase accounts for a substantial fraction (at least 40 to 60 per cent) of the global rise in CFC-11 emissions. We find no evidence for a significant increase in CFC-11 emissions from any other eastern Asian countries or other regions of the world where there are available data for the detection of regional emissions. The attribution of any remaining fraction of the global CFC-11 emission rise to other regions is limited by the sparsity of long-term measurements of sufficient frequency near potentially emissive regions. Several considerations suggest that the increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern mainland China is likely to be the result of new production and use, which is inconsistent with the Montreal Protocol agreement to phase out global chlorofluorocarbon production by 2010.
机译：平流层臭氧层的恢复取决于大气中诸如氯氟烃（1）等消耗臭氧层气体的浓度持续下降。自1990年代中期以来，大气中次氯氟烃含量第二高的三氯氟甲烷（CFC-11）的浓度已大幅下降（2）。然而，据最近报道，2012年后CFC-11大气浓度下降的速度有所放缓，这表明全球排放量有所增加（3,4）。东亚CFC-11排放量的同时增加是全球排放量增加的原因，但该区域性排放源的位置和大小尚不清楚（3）。在这里，我们使用了来自韩国Gosan和日本Hateruma的高频大气观测数据，以及全球监测数据和大气化学迁移模型模拟，我们研究了来自东亚的区域性CFC-11排放。我们显示，2014-2017年，中国大陆东部地区的排放量每年比2008-2012年高7.0 +/- 3.0千兆克（+/- 1个标准差），而且排放量的增加主要来自东北的山东省和河北。这种增加占全球CFC-11排放量增加的很大一部分（至少40％至60％）。我们发现没有证据表明来自任何其他东亚国家或世界其他地区的CFC-11排放量显着增加，这些国家或地区存在可用于检测区域排放量的可用数据。全球CFC-11排放上升的任何剩余部分的归因于其他区域，这是受到在潜在发射区域附近对足够频率进行长期测量的稀疏性所限制的。一些考虑因素表明，来自中国大陆东部的CFC-11排放量的增加很可能是新生产和使用的结果，这与《蒙特利尔议定书》关于在2010年之前逐步淘汰全球氯氟烃生产的协议相抵触。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2019年第7757期|546-550|共5页
  • 作者

    Rigby M.; Park S.; Saito T.; Western L. M.; Redington A. L.; Fang X.; Henne S.; Manning A. J.; Prinn R. G.; Dutton G. S.; Fraser P. J.; Ganesan A. L.; Hall B. D.; Harth C. M.; Kim J.; Kim K. -R.; Krummel P. B.; Lee T.; Li S.; Liang Q.; Lunt M. F.; Montzka S. A.; Muhle J.; ODoherty S.; Park M. -K.; Reimann S.; Salameh P. K.; Simmonds P.; Tunnicliffe R. L.; Weiss R. F.; Yokouchi Y.; Young D.;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol, Avon, England;

    Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Oceanog, Daegu, South Korea;

    Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;

    Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol, Avon, England;

    Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England;

    MIT, Ctr Global Change Sci, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA;

    Empa, Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, Dubendorf, Switzerland;

    Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England;

    MIT, Ctr Global Change Sci, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA;

    NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA|Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA;

    CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Climate Sci Ctr, Aspendale, Vic, Australia;

    Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol, Avon, England;

    NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA;

    Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA;

    Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA;

    Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Oceanog, Daegu, South Korea;

    CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Climate Sci Ctr, Aspendale, Vic, Australia;

    Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Oceanog, Daegu, South Korea;

    Kyungpook Natl Univ, Kyungpook Inst Oceanog, Daegu, South Korea;

    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA;

    Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland;

    NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA;

    Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA;

    Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol, Avon, England;

    Kyungpook Natl Univ, Kyungpook Inst Oceanog, Daegu, South Korea;

    Empa, Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, Dubendorf, Switzerland;

    Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA;

    Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol, Avon, England;

    Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol, Avon, England;

    Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA;

    Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;

    Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol, Avon, England;

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