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The Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Hydrodynamics and Implications for Fishes

机译：海上风电场对鱼类流体动力学的影响及鱼类影响

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摘要

We review the state of knowledge about offshore wind farm (OWF) development-related effects on hydrodynamics and their possible secondary effects on fishes derived from European studies. Theoretical, modeling, and observational studies of OWE developments are relatively advanced and identify potential impacts resulting from OWF changes to local or regional hydrodynamics through modification of (1) the wind fields, and (2) oceanographic parameters including turbulence, mixing, and vertical stratification. While limited, studies discuss local OWF (i.e., within the OWF footprint) impacts on fishes due to sediment resuspension or sedimentation, temperature change, nutrient transport, and substrate availability. These studies largely neglect possible effects further afield and generally conclude that any hydrodynamic impact of OW Fs on fishes cannot be distinguished when compared to natural variability. To further understanding of the cumulative risk from extensive OWF developments requires additional research on OWF-related spillover effects on surrounding ecosystems and on natural oceanographic connectivity. The use of dynamic habitat or agent-based models coupled with refined hydrodynamic models can help quantify the scale of spatial and temporal effects of hydrodynamic cues on the movement of fishes and their habitats, which is not currently possible via conventional modeling, quantitative analysis approaches, or field based observational studies and surveys.
机译：我们回顾关于流体力学和从欧洲的研究中得到的鱼及其可能的二次效应海上风力发电场（OWF）发展相关影响的知识的状态。理论，建模和OWE发展是相对先进和识别从OWF所得通过（1）风场的变形变为局部或区域流体力学，和（2）的海洋参数，包括湍流，混合和垂直分层的潜在影响的观察研究。而限定，研究讨论本地OWF（即，OWF足迹内）对鱼类由于沉积物悬浮或沉降，温度变化，养分运输，和底物可用性的影响。这些研究在很大程度上忽视可能产生的影响更远的地方，一般的结论是相对于自然变化时，OW Fs的对鱼类任何水动力影响不能区分。从粗放OWF发展的累积风险进一步了解需要对周围的生态系统和自然海洋连接OWF相关的溢出效应更多的研究。加上精制水动力模型采用动态的栖息地或基于代理的模型可以帮助量化对鱼类和它们的栖息地，它通过传统的造型，目前不可能的运动流体力学线索的时空效应的规模，定量分析方法，或基于场观察性研究和调查。

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