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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Local DNA hypomethylation activates genes in rice endosperm
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Local DNA hypomethylation activates genes in rice endosperm

机译：局部DNA低甲基化激活水稻胚乳中的基因

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摘要

Cytosine methylation silences transposable elements in plants, vertebrates, and fungi but also regulates gene expression. Plant methylation is catalyzed by three families of enzymes, each with a preferred sequence context: CG, CHG (H = A, C, or T), and CHH, with CHH methylation targeted by the RNAi pathway. Arabidopsis thali-ana endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the embryo, is globally hypomethylated in the CG context while retaining high non-CG methylation. Global methylation dynamics in seeds of cereal crops that provide the bulk of human nutrition remain unknown. Here, we show that rice endosperm DNA is hypomethylated in all sequence contexts. Non-CG methylation is reduced evenly across the genome, whereas CG hypomethylation is localized. CHH methylation of small transposable elements is increased in embryos, suggesting that endosperm demethylation enhances transposon silencing. Genes preferentially expressed in endosperm, including those coding for major storage proteins and starch synthesizing enzymes, are frequently hypomethylated in endosperm, indicating that DNA methylation is a crucial regulator of rice endosperm biogenesis. Our data show that genome-wide reshaping of seed DNA methylation is conserved among angiosperms and has a profound effect on gene expression in cereal crops.
机译：胞嘧啶甲基化使植物，脊椎动物和真菌中的转座因子沉默，但也调节基因表达。植物甲基化由三种酶催化，每种酶具有优选的序列背景：CG，CHG（H = A，C或T）和CHH，CHH甲基化受RNAi途径靶向。拟南芥胚乳是一种滋养胚胎的胎盘样组织，在CG环境中被全局低甲基化，同时保留了较高的非CG甲基化状态。提供大部分人类营养的谷物作物种子的全球甲基化动力学仍然未知。在这里，我们显示了水稻胚乳DNA在所有序列环境中均被甲基化。非CG甲基化在整个基因组中均匀减少，而CG低甲基化位于局部。小转座子的CHH甲基化在胚胎中增加，表明胚乳去甲基化增强了转座子沉默。在胚乳中优先表达的基因，包括那些编码主要贮藏蛋白和淀粉合成酶的基因，经常在胚乳中被低甲基化，这表明DNA甲基化是水稻胚乳生物发生的关键调控因子。我们的数据表明，被子植物中种子DNA甲基化的全基因组重整是保守的，并且对谷物作物中的基因表达具有深远的影响。

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