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Remote sensing of future competitors: Impacts on plant defenses

机译：未来竞争对手的遥感：对工厂防御的影响

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Far-red radiation (FR) reflected by green tissues is a key signal that plants use to detect the proximity of future competitors. Perception of increased levels of FR elicits a suite of responses collectively known as the shade-avoidance syndrome, which includes increased stem elongation, production of erect leaves, and reduced lateral branching. These responses improve the access to light for plants that occur in crowded populations. Responses to the proximity of competitors are known to affect the susceptibility to disease and predation in several organisms, including social animals. However, the impacts of warning signals of competition on the expression of defenses have not been explicitly investigated in plants. In the experiments reported here, we show that reflected FR induced a dramatic down-regulation of chemical defenses in wild tobacco (Nicotiana longiflora). FR altered the expression of several defense-related genes, inhibited the accumulation of herbivore-induced phenolic compounds, and augmented the performance of the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta. Complementary studies with tomato suggested that the effects of FR on defenses are mediated by the photoreceptor phytochrome B. The central implication of these results is that shade-intolerant species such as wild tobacco and tomato activate functional changes that affect their ability to cope with herbivore attack in response to phytochrome signals of future competition, even in the absence of real competition for resources. These findings suggest that competition overshadowed herbivory during the evolution of this group of species and add a new axis to the definition of the shade-avoidance syndrome.
机译：绿色组织反射的远红外辐射（FR）是植物用来检测未来竞争者临近程度的关键信号。对FR水平升高的感知引发了一系列反应，统称为避影综合症，包括茎伸长增加，叶片直立产生和侧枝减少。这些反应改善了拥挤种群中植物的光获取。已知对竞争者接近的反应会影响包括社交动物在内的几种生物体对疾病和捕食的敏感性。但是，尚未在植物中明确研究竞争警告信号对防御表达的影响。在这里报告的实验中，我们表明反射的FR引起野生烟草（Nicotiana longiflora）的化学防御作用急剧下调。 FR改变了几个防御相关基因的表达，抑制了草食动物诱导的酚类化合物的积累，并增强了专门的草食动物曼杜卡（Manduca sexta）的性能。番茄的补充研究表明，FR对防御的影响是由光感受器植物色素B介导的。这些结果的主要含义是，耐荫性物种（例如野生烟草和番茄）激活功能变化，从而影响其应对食草动物攻击的能力。即使在没有真正的资源竞争的情况下，也能响应未来竞争的植物色素信号。这些发现表明，竞争在这一类物种的进化过程中使草食动物蒙上了阴影，并为避荫综合症的定义增加了新的轴。

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