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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Demonstration of toxicity to fish and to mammalian cells by Pfiesteria species: Comparison of assay methods and strains
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Demonstration of toxicity to fish and to mammalian cells by Pfiesteria species: Comparison of assay methods and strains

机译：证明非典属对鱼类和哺乳动物细胞的毒性：分析方法和菌株的比较

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摘要

Toxicity and its detection in the dinoflagellate fish predators Pfiesteria piscicida and Pfiesteria shumwayae depend on the strain and the use of reliable assays. Two assays, standardized fish bioassays (SFBs) with juvenile fish and fish microassays (FMAs) with larval fish, were compared for their utility to detect toxic Pfiesteria. The comparison included strains with confirmed toxicity, negative controls (noninducible Pfiesteria strains and a related nontoxic cryptoperidiniopsoid dinoflagellate), and P. shumwayae strain CCMP2089, which previously had been reported as nontoxic. SFBs, standardized by using toxic Pfiesteria (coupled with tests confirming Pfiesteria toxin) and conditions conducive to toxicity expression, reliably detected actively toxic Pfiesteria, but FMAs did not. Pfiesteria toxin was found in fish- and algae-fed clonal Pfiesteria cultures, including CCMP2089, but not in controls. In contrast, noninducible Pfiesteria and cryptoperidiniopsoids caused no juvenile fish mortality in SFBs even at high densities, and low larval fish mortality by physical attack in FMAs. Filtrate from toxic strains of Pfiesteria spp. in bacteria-free media was cytotoxic. Toxicity was enhanced by bacteria and other prey, especially live fish. Purified Pfiesteria toxin extract adversely affected mammalian cells as well as fish, and it caused fish death at environmentally relevant cell densities. These data show the importance of testing multiple strains when assessing the potential for toxicity at the genus or species level, using appropriate culturing techniques and assays.
机译：在食鞭毛食肉动物Pfiesteria piscicida和Pfiesteria shumwayae中的毒性及其检测取决于菌株和可靠测定的使用。比较了两种测定方法，即使用幼鱼的标准化鱼类生物测定法（SFB）和使用幼体鱼的鱼类微量测定法（FMA），以检测有毒的费非勒菌。比较包括具有确定毒性的菌株，阴性对照（非诱导性费非斯菌菌株和相关的无毒隐皮类鸦片样二鞭毛藻酸酯），以及曾被报道为无毒的假单胞菌菌株CCMP2089。 SFB通过使用有毒的非典进行标准化（再加上确认非典毒素的试验）和有利于毒性表达的条件，因此能够可靠地检测到有毒的非典，而FMA则没有。在鱼类和藻类喂养的无性无性系无性系培养物中均发现了无性系非典毒素，包括CCMP2089，但无对照。相反，即使在高密度的情况下，非诱导性非典菌和隐孢子虫类类固醇也不会导致SFBs幼鱼死亡，而FMA中物理攻击也不会导致幼鱼死亡。从Pfiesteria spp的毒性菌株中滤出。在无细菌的培养基中具有细胞毒性。细菌和其他猎物，尤其是活鱼，增强了毒性。纯化的费城毒素提取物会对哺乳动物细胞和鱼类产生不利影响，并在与环境有关的细胞密度下导致鱼类死亡。这些数据表明，使用适当的培养技术和测定方法评估多种属或种的毒性潜力时测试多种菌株的重要性。

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