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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >The origin of the parathyroid gland.
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The origin of the parathyroid gland.

机译：甲状旁腺的起源。

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It has long been held that the parathyroid glands and parathyroid hormone evolved with the emergence of the tetrapods, reflecting a need for new controls on calcium homeostasis in terrestrial, rather than aquatic, environments. Developmentally, the parathyroid gland is derived from the pharyngeal pouch endoderm, and studies in mice have shown that its formation is under the control of a key regulatory gene, Gcm-2. We have used a phylogenetic analysis of Gcm-2 to probe the evolutionary origins of the parathyroid gland. We show that in chicks, as in mice, Gcm-2 is expressed in the pharyngeal pouches and the forming parathyroid gland. We find that Gcm-2 is present not only in tetrapods but also in teleosts and chondrichthyans, and that in these species, Gcm-2 is expressed within the pharyngeal pouches and internal gill buds that derive from them in zebrafish (Danio rerio), a teleost, and dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula), a chondrichthyan. We further demonstrate that Gcm-2 is required for the formation of the internal gill buds in zebrafish. We also have identified parathyroid hormone 1/2-encoding genes in fish and show that these genes are expressed by the gills. We further show that the gills express the calcium-sensing receptor, which is used in tetrapods to monitor serum calcium levels. These results indicate that the tetrapod parathyroid gland and the gills of fish are evolutionarily related structures, and that the parathyroid likely came into being as a result of the transformation of the gills during tetrapod evolution.
机译：长期以来一直认为甲状旁腺和甲状旁腺激素是随着四足动物的出现而进化的，这反映出需要对陆生而不是水生环境中钙稳态的新控制。在发育上，甲状旁腺来源于咽袋内胚层，在小鼠中的研究表明其形成受关键调控基因Gcm-2的控制。我们已经使用了Gcm-2的系统发育分析来探查甲状旁腺的进化起源。我们显示，在小鸡和小鼠中，Gcm-2在咽囊和形成的甲状旁腺中表达。我们发现，Gcm-2不仅存在于四足动物中，而且还存在于硬骨鱼和软骨鱼类中，并且在这些物种中，Gcm-2表达在斑马鱼（Danio rerio）的咽袋和内部g芽中。硬骨鱼和dog鱼（Scyliorhinus canicula），一种软骨鱼。我们进一步证明，Gcm-2是斑马鱼内部g芽形成所必需的。我们还确定了鱼中甲状旁腺激素1/2编码基因，并表明这些基因由the表达。我们进一步表明，express表达了钙敏感受体，该受体在四足动物中用于监测血清钙水平。这些结果表明，四足动物的甲状旁腺和鱼类的are是进化相关的结构，甲状旁腺可能是由于四足动物在进化过程中the的转化而形成的。

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