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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Expression of conditional fear with and without awareness
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Expression of conditional fear with and without awareness

机译：在有意识和无意识的情况下表达条件恐惧

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摘要

Conditional responding during simple Pavlovian conditioning is often characterized as a form of implicit memory. The extent to which this type of associative learning is independent of awareness is an issue of continuing debate. Previous studies have demonstrated conditioning in the absence of awareness. However, their results have been questioned based on methodological concerns with postexperimental questionnaires. In the present study, skin conductance response (SCR) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) expectancy were measured concurrently as participants were exposed to a differential delay fear conditioning procedure in which one tone (CS+) predicted a loud white noise, whereas a second tone (CS-) was presented alone. UCS predictability was varied on a trial-by-trial basis by presenting conditioned stimuli (CSs) at volumes just above or below the perceptual threshold. Differential UCS expectancy (awareness) was observed only on perceived trials, whereas differential SCR developed on both perceived and unper-ceived trials. Although perceived stimuli elicited larger SCRs, the magnitude of conditioning, indexed by differential conditioned response expression (conditioned SCR to CS+ minus the SCR to CS-), was not influenced by stimulus perception. These data indicate that conditional fear can be expressed when individuals are unaware of fear-eliciting stimuli and suggest that the degree of conditioning is independent of awareness during differential Pavlovian fear conditioning.
机译：简单的巴甫洛夫条件期间的条件响应通常被表征为隐式记忆的一种形式。这种联想学习在多大程度上独立于意识是一个持续争论的问题。先前的研究已证明在缺乏意识的情况下进行调节。然而，他们的结果已经被基于实验后问卷的方法论问题提出质疑。在本研究中，同时测量了参与者的电导率响应（SCR）和无条件刺激（UCS）预期，因为参与者暴露于不同的延迟恐惧条件调理程序中，其中一种音调（CS +）预测大白噪声，而第二种音调（CS +）预测白噪声大。 CS-）单独提出。通过以略高于或低于感知阈值的量呈现条件刺激（CS），UCS的可预测性在逐项试验的基础上有所不同。仅在知觉试验中观察到UCS预期差异（意识），而知觉试验和未知觉试验均出现差异SCR。尽管感知到的刺激会引起更大的SCR，但通过差异条件响应表达（条件SCR对CS +的条件SCR减去CS对CS-的条件）索引的条件大小不受刺激感知的影响。这些数据表明，当个人不知道引起恐惧的刺激时，可以表达条件恐惧，并且表明条件的程度独立于差异性巴甫洛夫式恐惧条件期间的意识。

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