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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >The insulation of genes from external enhancers and silencing chromatin
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The insulation of genes from external enhancers and silencing chromatin

机译：基因与外部增强子和染色质沉默的隔离

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摘要

Insulators are DNA sequence elements that can serve in some cases as barriers to protect a gene against the encroachment of adjacent inactive condensed chromatin. Some insulators also can act as blocking elements to protect against the activating influence of distal enhancers associated with other genes. Although most of the insulators identified so far derive from Drosophila, they also are found in vertebrates. An insulator at the 5′ end of the chicken β-globin locus marks a boundary between an open chromatin domain and a region of constitutively condensed chromatin. Detailed analysis of this element shows that it possesses both enhancer blocking activity and the ability to screen reporter genes against position effects. Enhancer blocking is associated with binding of the protein CTCF; sites that bind CTCF are found at other critical points in the genome. Protection against position effects involves other properties that appear to be associated with control of histone acetylation and methylation. Insulators thus are complex elements that can help to preserve the independent function of genes embedded in a genome in which they are surrounded by regulatory signals they must ignore.
机译：绝缘子是DNA序列元件，在某些情况下可以充当屏障，以保护基因免受相邻无活性浓缩染色质的侵害。一些绝缘子还可以充当阻断元件，以防止与其他基因相关的远端增强子的激活影响。尽管到目前为止确定的绝大部分绝缘子都来自果蝇，但它们也存在于脊椎动物中。鸡β-珠蛋白基因座5'端的绝缘子标记了开放染色质域与组成型浓缩染色质区域之间的边界。对该元素的详细分析表明，它既具有增强子阻断活性，又具有针对位置效应筛选报告基因的能力。增强子阻断与蛋白质CTCF的结合有关。在基因组的其他关键点发现了与CTCF结合的位点。防止位置效应的作用还包括其他与组蛋白乙酰化和甲基化控制有关的特性。因此，绝缘子是复杂的元素，可以帮助保留嵌入基因组中的基因的独立功能，而在基因组中它们必须被忽略的调控信号所包围。

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