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It's not my consensus: Motivated reasoning and the sources of scientific illiteracy

机译：这不是我的共识：动机推理和科学文盲的根源

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摘要

Individuals who provide incorrect answers to scientific knowledge questions have long been considered scientifically illiterate. Yet, increasing evidence suggests that motivated reasoning, rather than ignorance, may explain many of these incorrect answers. This article uses novel survey measures to assess two processes by which motivated reasoning might lead to incorrect personal beliefs: motivated individuals may fail to identify the presence of a scientific consensus on some issue or they may recognize a consensus while questioning its veracity. Simultaneously looking at perceptions of what most scientists say and personal beliefs, this study reveals that religiosity and partisanship moderate the extent to which Americans identify scientific consensuses and assert beliefs that contradict their perceptions of consensus. Although these pathways predict the scope of disagreement with science for each of 11 issues, the relative prevalence of each process depends on both the scientific issue and motivational pathway under examination.
机译：对科学知识问题提供错误答案的个人长期以来被认为是文盲。然而，越来越多的证据表明，有动机的推理而非无知可以解释许多这样的错误答案。本文使用新颖的调查方法来评估动机推理可能导致错误的个人信念的两个过程：动机个体可能无法识别出在某些问题上存在科学共识，或者他们可能在质疑其准确性时认识到共识。同时研究大多数科学家所说的看法和个人信仰，这项研究表明，宗教信仰和党派关系可以减轻美国人识别科学共识并主张与他们的共识看法相抵触的信念的程度。尽管这些途径预测了11个问题中与科学不同的范围，但每个过程的相对流行率取决于科学问题和所研究的动机途径。

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