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首页> 外文期刊>Regional Environmental Change >Can current management maintain forest landscape multifunctionality in the Eastern Alps in Austria under climate change?
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Can current management maintain forest landscape multifunctionality in the Eastern Alps in Austria under climate change?

机译：当前的管理者能否在气候变化下维持奥地利东部阿尔卑斯山的森林景观多功能性？

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摘要

In Central Europe, management of forests for multiple ecosystem services (ES) has a long tradition and is currently drawing much attention due to increasing interest in non-timber services. In face of a changing climate and diverse ES portfolios, a key issue for forest managers is to assess vulnerability of ES provisioning. In a case study catchment of 250 ha in the Eastern Alps, the currently practiced uneven-aged management regime (BAU; business as usual) which is based on irregularly shaped patch cuts along skyline corridors was analysed under historic climate (represented by the period 1961-1990) and five transient climate change scenarios (period 2010-2110) and compared to an unmanaged scenario (NOM). The study addressed (1) the future provisioning of timber, carbon sequestration, protection against gravitational hazards, and nature conservation values under BAU management, (2) the effect of spatial scale (1, 5, 10 ha grain size) in mapping ES indicators and (3) how the spatial scale of ES assessment affects the simultaneous provision of several ES (i.e. multifunctionality). The analysis employed the PICUS forest simulation model in combination with novel landscape assessment tools. In BAU management, timber harvests were smaller than periodic increments. The resulting increase in standing stock benefitted carbon sequestration. In four out of five climate change scenarios, volume increment was increasing. With the exception of the mildest climate change scenario (+2.6 A degrees C, no change in precipitation), all other analysed climate change scenarios reduced standing tree volume, carbon pools and number of large old trees, and increased standing deadwood volume due to an intensifying bark beetle disturbance regime. However, increases in deadwood and patchy canopy openings benefitted bird habitat quality. Under historic climate, the NOM regime showed better performance in all non-timber ES. Under climate change conditions, the damages from bark beetle disturbances increased more in NOM compared with BAU. Despite favourable temperature conditions in climate change scenarios, the share of admixed broadleaved species was not increasing in BAU management, mainly due to the heavy browsing pressure by ungulates. In NOM, it even decreased and mean tree age increased. Thus, in the long run NOM may enter a phase of lower resilience compared with BAU. Most ES indicators were fairly insensitive to the spatial scale of indicator mapping. ES indicators that were based on sparse tree and stand attributes such as rare admixed tree species, large snags and live trees achieved better results when mapped at larger scales. The share of landscape area with simultaneous provisioning of ES at reasonable performance levels (i.e. multifunctionality) decreased with increasing number of considered ES, while it increased with increasing spatial scale of the assessment. In the case study, landscape between 53 and 100 % was classified as multifunctional, depending on number and combinations of ES.
机译：在中欧，针对多种生态系统服务（ES）的森林管理历史悠久，由于对非木材服务的兴趣日益浓厚，目前正引起人们的广泛关注。面对不断变化的气候和多样化的ES服务组合，森林管理者的关键问题是评估ES供应的脆弱性。在东阿尔卑斯山一个250公顷的案例研究流域中，在历史气候（以1961年为代表）下，分析了目前实行的不均衡年龄管理制度（BAU；照常营业），该制度基于沿天际线走廊形状不规则的斑块切口-1990年）和五个暂时性气候变化情景（2010-2110年），并与非受控情景（NOM）进行了比较。该研究涉及（1）在BAU管理下未来的木材供应，碳固存，防止重力危害和自然保护价值，（2）在绘制ES指标时空间尺度（1、5、10 ha粒度）的影响（3）ES评估的空间规模如何影响多个ES的同时提供（即多功能性）。分析采用了PICUS森林模拟模型，并结合了新颖的景观评估工具。在BAU管理中，木材采伐量少于定期增加量。导致的库存增加使碳固存受益。在五分之四的气候变化情景中，数量增量正在增加。除了最温和的气候变化情景（+2.6 A摄氏度，降水无变化）外，所有其他已分析的气候变化情景都减少了站立的树木数量，碳库和大的老树的数量，并增加了由于加强树皮甲虫的干扰机制。然而，增加的枯木和斑驳的树冠开口有利于鸟类栖息地质量。在历史气候下，NOM制度在所有非木材ES中表现出更好的表现。在气候变化条件下，与BAU相比，NOM中由树皮甲虫干扰造成的损害增加更多。尽管在气候变化情景中温度条件有利，但在BAU管理中混合阔叶树种的份额并未增加，这主要是由于有蹄类动物的沉重浏览压力。在NOM中，它甚至减少并且平均树龄增加。因此，从长远来看，与BAU相比，NOM可能会进入弹性较低的阶段。大多数ES指标对指标映射的空间范围不敏感。当以较大比例绘制地图时，基于稀疏树和林分属性（例如稀有混交树种，大障碍和活树）的ES指标取得了更好的结果。在合理的性能水平（即多功能性）下同时配置ES的景观面积份额随着考虑的ES数量的增加而降低，而随着评估空间规模的增加而增加。在案例研究中，根据ES的数量和组合，介于53％和100％之间的景观被归类为多功能。

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