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Knowledge exchange in clusters: The contingent role of regional inventive concentration

机译：集群中的知识交流：区域发明集中的偶然性作用

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Geographic clusters confer advantages to collocated firms, in particular access to local know-how. This article argues that the access to local know-how is contingent on the extent to which inventive activity is concentrated in the cluster. We draw on sociological theories of generalized exchange to argue that contrasting logics of exchange emerge in geographic clusters that have opposing effects on the extent to which firms benefit from collaborating with local organizations and source local knowledge. A longitudinal data set of 1903 firms engaged in nanotechnology research is used to examine the relationship between firm co-authorships on scientific articles with firms and public research organizations (PROs) and firm inventive performance. Results indicate that when cluster-level firm inventive concentration is high, collaborations with local firms are associated with lower inventive performance. We also find that firms source less local knowledge for their own inventions when firm inventive concentration is high. In contrast, concentrated inventive activity among PROs increases the positive relationship between collaborations with local PROs and firm inventive performance. Results also show firms source more knowledge from local PROs when local PRO inventive concentration is high. The findings suggest that inventive concentration both helps and hinders spill-over of cutting-edge knowledge.
机译：地理集群为并置的公司提供了优势，尤其是获得本地知识的机会。本文认为，当地技术的获取取决于发明活动在集群中的集中程度。我们利用广义交换的社会学理论来论证，在集群中出现了相反的交换逻辑，这些逻辑对企业从与本地组织的合作和获取本地知识的收益中的作用产生了相反的影响。使用1903个从事纳米技术研究的公司的纵向数据集来检查与公司和公共研究组织（PRO）进行科学论文的公司合著与公司发明绩效之间的关系。结果表明，当集群级别的公司发明集中度很高时，与本地公司的合作会降低发明绩效。我们还发现，当公司的发明集中度很高时，公司就不会为自己的发明获取本地知识。相反，专业人士之间集中的发明活动增加了与当地专业人士的合作与公司发明绩效之间的积极关系。结果还显示，当本地专业人士的发明集中度很高时，公司会从本地专业人士那里获取更多知识。研究结果表明，创造性的专注既有助于又阻碍尖端知识的扩散。

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