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Designing Graphs that Promote Both Risk Understanding and Behavior Change

机译：设计图以促进风险理解和行为改变

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Graphs show promise for improving communications about different types of risks, including health risks, financial risks, and climate risks. However, graph designs that are effective at meeting one important risk communication goal (promoting risk-avoidant behaviors) can at the same time compromise another key goal (improving risk understanding). We developed and tested simple bar graphs aimed at accomplishing these two goals simultaneously. We manipulated two design features in graphs, namely, whether graphs depicted the number of people affected by a risk and those at risk of harm (foreground+background) versus only those affected (foreground-only), and the presence versus absence of simple numerical labels above bars. Foreground-only displays were associated with larger risk perceptions and risk-avoidant behavior (i.e., willingness to take a drug for heart attack prevention) than foreground+background displays, regardless of the presence of labels. Foreground-only graphs also hindered risk understanding when labels were not present. However, the presence of labels significantly improved understanding, eliminating the detrimental effect of foreground-only displays. Labels also led to more positive user evaluations of the graphs, but did not affect risk-avoidant behavior. Using process modeling we identified mediators (risk perceptions, understanding, user evaluations) that explained the effect of display type on risk-avoidant behavior. Our findings contribute new evidence to the graph design literature: unlike what was previously feared, we demonstrate that it is possible to design foreground-only graphs that promote intentions for behavior change without a detrimental effect on risk understanding. Implications for the design of graphical risk communications and decision support are discussed.
机译：图形显示了改善有关各种风险（包括健康风险，财务风险和气候风险）的沟通的希望。但是，有效满足一个重要的风险沟通目标（促进规避风险的行为）的图形设计可能同时损害另一个关键目标（提高风险理解）。我们开发并测试了旨在同时实现这两个目标的简单条形图。我们操纵了图形中的两个设计特征，即图形是否描述了受风险影响的人数和有受伤害风险的人数（前景+背景）与仅受影响的人数（仅前景），以及是否存在简单数值条上方的标签。与前景+背景显示相比，仅前景显示比前景+背景显示具有更大的风险认知和风险规避行为（即，愿意服用药物预防心脏病发作）。当标签不存在时，仅前景图也会妨碍风险理解。但是，标签的存在极大地提高了理解度，消除了仅前景显示的有害影响。标签还导致用户对图形进行了更积极的评估，但没有影响规避风险的行为。通过使用过程建模，我们确定了中介者（风险认知，理解，用户评估），这些中介者解释了显示类型对规避风险行为的影响。我们的发现为图形设计文献提供了新的证据：与以前所担心的不同，我们证明了可以设计仅前景图形来促进行为改变的意图，而不会对风险理解产生不利影响。讨论了图形风险沟通和决策支持设计的含义。

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