Biology as a Technology of Social Justice in Interwar Britain: Arguments from Evolutionary History, Heredity, and Human Diversity

Marianne Sommer

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Biology as a Technology of Social Justice in Interwar Britain: Arguments from Evolutionary History, Heredity, and Human Diversity

机译：生物学作为两次世界大战之间英国社会正义的一种技术：来自进化史，遗传和人类多样性的争论

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In this article, I am concerned with the public engagements of Julian Huxley, Lancelot Hogben, and J. B. S. Haldane. I analyze how they used the new insights into the genetics of heredity to argue against any biological foundations for antidemocratic ideologies, be it Nazism, Stalinism, or the British laissez-faire and class system. The most striking fact-considering the abuse of biological knowledge they contested-is that these biologists presented genetics itself as inherently democratic. Arguing from genetics, they developed an understanding of diversity that cuts across divisions of race, class, or gender. Human diversity rightly understood was advantageous for societal progress. Huxley, Hogben, and Haldane did not hold identical political ideals, but they all argued for democratic reforms and increased planning geared toward greater social equality, and they did so under the label of scientific humanism. Huxley took issue with the notion that evolutionary history does not carry any moral lessons for human societies. Rather than being its antithesis, evolution was the basis of human sociality. In fact, the entire future progress of individuals and communities toward a democratic world order needed to be founded on the cosmic principles of evolution-a process that had to be guided by the biological expert with a strong sense of social responsibility.

机译：在本文中，我关注Julian Huxley，Lancelot Hogben和J. B. S. Haldane的公众参与。我分析了他们如何利用对遗传遗传学的新见解来反对任何反民主意识形态的生物学基础，无论是纳粹主义，斯大林主义还是英国自由放任阶级制度。考虑到他们所质疑的生物知识的滥用，最惊人的事实是，这些生物学家将遗传学本身视为固有的民主。从遗传学出发，他们对跨种族，阶级或性别划分的多样性有了一种理解。正确理解的人类多样性有利于社会进步。赫x黎（Huxley），霍格本（Hogben）和霍尔丹（Haldane）并不抱有相同的政治理想，但他们都主张进行民主改革和增加计划，以实现更大的社会平等，并以科学人文主义为标志。赫x黎对进化史对人类社会没有任何道德上的教训持怀疑态度。进化不是人类的对立面，而是人类社会性的基础。实际上，个人和社区朝着民主世界秩序的整个未来进步都需要建立在宇宙进化原理的基础上，这一过程必须由具有强烈社会责任感的生物学专家进行指导。

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《Science, Technology and Human Values》 |2014年第4期|561-586|共26页
作者
Marianne Sommer;
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University of Lucerne, Department of Cultural and Science Studies, Lucerne, Switzerland;

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正文语种 eng
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justice; inequality; protest; expertise; futures; alternative life forms; academic disciplines and traditions; engagement; intervention; politics; power; governance;

机译：正义;不等式;抗议;专业知识;期货;替代生活形式;学术学科和传统;订婚;介入;政治;功率;治理;

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机译：点评：历史的研究：一个书目指南，历史的英语理念从柯勒律治到科林伍德，英国当地历史，亚瑟和他的英语变脸：亚瑟王传说中中世纪英国生活和文学，在英国文艺复兴时期颁布性别舞台上，莎士比亚的女性结局，写英文共和国：诗歌，修辞学和政治学1627年至1660年，对旧的新故事：在小说中，天主教和反天主教在早期现代英语文本，长子继承权和继承权在英国圣经模式：综述文学中的历史和代表，通过对小说恢复的英语内战：一个注释的参考书目，戴安娜，自我利益和英国国家身份，古人与现代人之间的古典罗马的痕迹和古典罗马：巴洛克文化在恢复英格兰，浪漫英格兰的Bacchus：1780-1830，厌恶经济学的作家和饮料：十八世纪的文学业务ritain，伪造的房子在十八世纪的英国，穿着我们的衣服，牛津伴侣的浪漫时代：英国文化，1776 - 1832，国内空间：阅读十九世纪的内部，维多利亚人理论上：从德里达到布朗，美德的年龄：英国文化从恢复到浪漫主义，悲惨的痛苦：维多利亚州的残疾和感情，妇女作家第一次世界大战：一个注释的书目，文学中的酒吧，英国工业小说，人类的缘故想要：市场苏格里希第德森市场的经济和美学。 C.，历史的研究：一个书目指南，第二版，曼彻斯特大学出版社，2000，第十四+ 140，£40.00.ParkerChristopher，历史的英语从理念到柯勒律治科林伍德，Ashgate出版社，2000，页。 VII + 244，£45.Richardsonr。 C.（ed。），英语当地历史的变化面孔，ashgate，2000，pp。viii + 218，£45.00.00.00.Parronw。 RJ（编辑），亚瑟和他的英文：亚瑟王传说中中世纪英国生活和文学，威尔士出版社，1999年大学，第398，£35.00.ComensoliViviana和RussellAnne（EDS），英国文艺复兴舞台上颁布性别，伊利诺伊大学出版社，1999，第270页，18.95英镑; SaunderseVe Rachel，在早期现代英格兰舞台上的雷切尔，性别和识字，剑桥大学出版社，1999，PP。260，£35.BerringPhilippa，莎士比亚的女性化的遗址，Routledge，1999，PP。197，£15.99 PB。 Bellilona，伊丽莎白裔女性和甲师诗歌，剑桥大学出版社，1998，PP。262，£35.00.norbrookdavid，写英国共和国：诗歌，修辞和政治1627-1660，剑桥大学出版社，1999，PP。XIII + 509 ，£40.FischHarold，对于旧的新故事：在小说，Macmillan出版社，1998年，第圣经模式X + 236，£42.50; Fischharold，Shakespeare，Milton和Blake的圣经存在，1999年，PP。Xi + 330，£45.marottiarthur F.（Ed。），天主教和早期现代英语文本，Macmillan，1999，PP的天主教和反天主教。XVII + 266，£47.50; Shellalison，天主教，争议和英国文学想象，1558-1660，剑桥大学出版社，1999，PP。XI + 309，£37.50.Jamoussizouheir，Punigoghts和Envland在英国：他们在文学中的历史和代表调查，中心出版大学，突尼斯，1999，PP。293,8 DT.Murphorn Xane C.，英语内战通过虚构的恢复：一个注释书目，格林伍德出版社，韦斯特波特，CT，CT。，2000，PP。VIII + 349，£63.95 .HammondPaul，德莱顿和古典罗马，克拉伦登出版社，牛津，1999年的痕迹，第305，£45.00.LevineJoseph M.，古人和现代人之间：巴洛克文化恢复英格兰，耶鲁大学出版社，1999，页。 XIV + 279，£27.50.50.50.5.50.Tayloranya，浪漫英格兰的Bacchus：作家和饮料，1780-1830，Macmillan，1999，PP。Xi + 264，£47.50.Mandelllaura，罕有内容：十八世纪英国的文学业务，肯塔基州大学，1999，PP。X + 228，$ 42.00.Bainespaul，在十八世纪的英国伪造之家，阿什捷，1999年，PP。第八次+ 195，£47.50.50.50.50.Munnsjessica和Richardspenny（EDS），穿着我们，纽瓦克，特拉华大学出版社，1999，PP。362，£ 37.McCalmanIain（编辑），牛津伴侣对浪漫的年龄：英国文化，1776年至1832年，牛津大学出版社，1999，页。 XII + 780，£85.Brydeninga和Floydjanet（EDS），国内空间：阅读十九世纪内部，曼彻斯特大学出版社，1999，PP。XII + 219，£40.00; KiddAlan和NichollsDavid（EDS），性别，公民文化和消费：在英国，1800年至1940年中产阶层的身份，曼彻斯特大学出版社，1999年，第十四+ 223，£46.00，PB。 14.99英镑的理论上，从Derrida到Browning，曼彻斯特大学出版社，1999年，PP。X + 180，£40.Moreedavid，富于浪漫主义，2000，2000，PP。八+ 330，£45.Klesmary，悲惨的痛苦：宾夕法尼亚大学的维多利亚州美国的残疾和感情，1999年，第211次，第一次第一次世界大战的妇女作家：一名注册参考书目，rutledge，2000，pp。230，75英镑; TyleeClaire与Turnerelaine和Cardinalagnes（EDS），战争扮演妇女：国际选集，Routledge，2000，PP。225，£16.99 PB.Taylorjohn A.，戴安娜，自身利益和英国国家身份，Praeger，2000，PP 。169，£44.95.EARNShawsteven，文学中的酒吧，曼彻斯特大学出版社，2000，PP。X + 294，£45和15.99英镑PB.Klaush。古斯塔夫和骑士。（EDS），英国工业小说，威尔士大学出版社，2000，PP。VIII + 212，£14.99 PB。 Balchjack S.，伊利诺伊大学高中中午的灯，2000年，PP。XL + 404，$ 19.45 PB。康罗伊士队，伊利诺伊大学的世界胜利，2000年，PP。XXXV + 348，17.95磅PB.Gagnierregenia，人类想要的缘故：市场学会的经济学和美学，芝加哥大学出版社，2000，PP。352，£ 10.50 PB。

Biology as a Technology of Social Justice in Interwar Britain: Arguments from Evolutionary History, Heredity, and Human Diversity

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