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How Politics Deals with Expert Dissent: The Case of Ethics Councils

机译：政治如何处理专家异议：道德委员会的案例

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摘要

Over recent years, science and technology have been reassessed increasingly in ethical terms. Particularly for life science governance, ethics has become the dominant discourse. In the course of this "ethical turn" national ethics councils were set up throughout Europe and in the United States to advice politics in ethically controversial issues such as stem cell research and genetic testing. Ethics experts have become subject to traditional warnings against expertocracy: they are suspected to unduly influence political decision-making. However, any reliable ethics expertise has to reflect societal disagreements in moral issues. Therefore, expert dissent is a normal feature of legitimate ethics expertise. Based on theoretical considerations we argue that in principle, expert dissent does not cause problems for political legitimacy; rather, it enhances the salience of politics: obviously decisions on ethical issues cannot be taken on the basis of expert knowledge alone. We therefore conclude that expert dissent, not consent, supports politics. Focussing on Germany and Austria, we show how politics deal with expertrndissent in practice. While in Germany politics acknowledge dissent and use it to foster a fundamental political debate, Austrian politics attribute authoritative power to ethics expertise and try to construct an overall consensus. This illustrates how the drawing of boundaries between politic and expertise differs.
机译：近年来，从伦理角度对科学技术进行了越来越多的重新评估。尤其对于生命科学治理而言，道德已成为主流话题。在这种“道德转折”过程中，整个欧洲和美国都成立了国家道德委员会，以就干细胞研究和基因测试等在道德上引起争议的问题向政治提供咨询。道德专家已受到传统上反对专家统治的警告：他们被怀疑过分地影响政治决策。但是，任何可靠的道德专业知识都必须反映出道德问题上的社会分歧。因此，专家异议是合法道德专业知识的正常特征。基于理论上的考虑，我们认为，原则上，专家异议不会给政治合法性带来问题。相反，它增强了政治的重要性：显然，不能仅凭专家知识就道德问题做出决定。因此，我们得出的结论是，持异议而非同意的专家支持政治。着眼于德国和奥地利，我们展示了政治如何与实践中的异议人士打交道。在德国，政治承认异议并用它来引发一场根本性的政治辩论，而奥地利政治则将权威力量赋予道德专长，并试图建立总体共识。这说明了政治和专业知识之间的界限是如何不同的。

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