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A vision for advancing systems science as a foundation for the systems engineering and systems practice of the future

机译：推动系统科学发展的愿景，将其作为未来系统工程和系统实践的基础

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In this paper, I argue that the fragmented state and uneven maturity of current systems science will render it increasingly inadequate for meeting the future needs of the engineering and practice disciplines depending on it. I explain that it is not the case that System Science is a holistic discipline in contrast with the reductionism of classical science, but that Systems Science has both reductionistic and holistic dimensions, dealt with respectively by two "movements" within systems science, which I will designate as "Complexity Science" and "Systems Research". I argue that in many situations the internal workings of a system can be satisfactorily addressed with the mainly reductionistic methods of Complexity Science, whereas when external factors play a significant role, the mainly holistic methods of Systems Research are brought to the fore. This suggest that Complexity Science and Systems Research are not really as disjunct as often portrayed, but represent special cases under a wider conception that would hold across a spectrum of ratios between 'internal complexity' and 'external complexity' of the system of interest, and that would entail a differential emphasis on reductionistic and holistic methods based on contextual factors. Such a wider conception could not only help to unify systems science, but would also support analysis and intervention in the 'middle ground' between these polar types. This is relevant for Systems Engineering and Practice because as the world's complexity grows engineers and practitioners will increasingly have to deal with situations that are complex both internally and externally. This suggests an increasingly urgent need for the development of the envisioned 'wider conception' of systems in which we can deal in an elegant and principled way with shifts in the balance between internal and external complexity. In this paper I propose that a scientific general theory of systems could provide such a wider conception, and that it could serve as a basis for the unification of systems science, provide support for the scientific maturation of the discipline, and extend the capability and utility of systems science in important ways. I present approaches and frameworks that would support the development of such a theory, present wide-ranging evidence suggesting that we are in a favourable position for developing one, and indicate important areas to focus on in future research.
机译：在本文中，我认为当前系统科学的零散状态和不平衡的成熟度将使其越来越无法满足依赖它的工程学和实践学科的未来需求。我解释说，与经典科学的还原论相比，系统科学不是一门完整的学科，而是系统科学具有还原论和整体论的维度，分别由系统科学中的两个“运动”处理。指定为“复杂性科学”和“系统研究”。我认为，在许多情况下，可以通过复杂性科学的主要简化方法来令人满意地解决系统的内部工作，而当外部因素发挥重要作用时，系统研究的主要整体方法就可以发挥作用。这表明复杂性科学和系统研究并没有像通常描述的那样分离，而是代表了更宽泛的概念下的特殊情况，这些概念可以涵盖感兴趣系统的“内部复杂性”和“外部复杂性”之间的比率范围，并且这将导致基于上下文因素而对简化方法和整体方法的不同重视。如此广泛的概念不仅可以帮助统一系统科学，而且可以支持对这些极地类型之间的“中间地带”进行分析和干预。这与系统工程和实践有关，因为随着世界复杂性的增长，工程师和从业人员将越来越必须处理内部和外部复杂的情况。这表明对所设想的系统“更广泛的概念”的开发迫切需要，在这种系统中，我们可以用优雅而有原则的方式应对内部和外部复杂性之间的平衡转移。在本文中，我提出系统科学的一般理论可以提供这样一个更广泛的概念，并且可以作为系统科学统一的基础，为该学科的科学成熟提供支持，并扩展其能力和效用。系统科学的重要途径。我提出了支持这种理论发展的方法和框架，提供了广泛的证据表明我们处于发展这一理论的有利位置，并指出了今后研究中应重点关注的领域。

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