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Big government projects: which are successful and why?

机译：大型政府项目：哪些成功，为什么？

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From time to time, the U.S. government has initiated anparticularly large, ambitious program, not as part of the normal R&Dnprocess, which tries to anticipate future needs, but in direct responsento an immediate known national need. Such programs began with thenidentification of a compelling goal, then created and applied knowledgenand expertise for the purpose of achieving it. In some cases, thisnapproach led to remarkably successful accomplishments for the UnitednStates and at the same time gave a very large impetus to both thenapplication and development of technology. There are two apparentnreasons for the technological benefit. First, the suitability of thenrelated research and development was guaranteed by its directnassociation with the goal, so the problem of agreeing on allocationncriteria was avoided. And second, having the stated goal constantly innview made it safer to make larger investments, perform bolder researchnand development activities, and generally surpass in scope and speed thenaccomplishments that would have resulted from incremental, ad hocnactivities. It is natural to ask what factors made these programsnsuccessful. One characteristic of these successful U.S. programs is thatnthey call on the utmost creative capability of the nation to accomplishna task of great importance to the country. The author considers thenhistory of these programs, the manner in which they were accomplished,nhow each one was conceived, how it was conducted, and how it advancednthe state of society through technology
机译：美国政府不时启动一项特别宏大的计划，这不是正常R＆Dn程序的一部分，该程序试图预测未来的需求，而是直接响应当前已知的国家需求。这样的程序首先要确定一个令人信服的目标，然后创建并应用知识和专长以实现该目标。在某些情况下，这种方法为美国带来了非常成功的成就，同时也极大地推动了当时的技术应用和技术发展。技术利益有两个明显的原因。首先，通过与目标的直接联系保证了随后相关研发的适用性，因此避免了在分配标准上达成共识的问题。其次，不断陈述既定目标可以使进行较大的投资，进行更大胆的研究和开发活动变得更安全，并且在范围和速度方面通常都超过了增量的临时活动可能会带来的成就。很自然地问什么因素使这些程序成功。这些成功的美国计划的特点之一是，它们要求国家发挥最大的创造能力，以完成对国家非常重要的任务。作者考虑了这些程序的历史，完成方式，每个程序的构思方式，实施方式以及如何通过技术提升社会状况

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