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首页> 外文期刊>IEEE Technology and Society Magazine >Big government projects: which are successful and why?
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Big government projects: which are successful and why?

机译：大型政府项目：哪些成功，为什么？

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From time to time, the U.S. government has initiated a particularly large, ambitious program, not as part of the normal R&D process, which tries to anticipate future needs, but in direct response to an immediate known national need. Such programs began with the identification of a compelling goal, then created and applied knowledge and expertise for the purpose of achieving it. In some cases, this approach led to remarkably successful accomplishments for the United States and at the same time gave a very large impetus to both the application and development of technology. There are two apparent reasons for the technological benefit. First, the suitability of the related research and development was guaranteed by its direct association with the goal, so the problem of agreeing on allocation criteria was avoided. And second, having the stated goal constantly in view made it safer to make larger investments, perform bolder research and development activities, and generally surpass in scope and speed the accomplishments that would have resulted from incremental, ad hoc activities. It is natural to ask what factors made these programs successful. One characteristic of these successful U.S. programs is that they call on the utmost creative capability of the nation to accomplish a task of great importance to the country. The author considers the history of these programs, the manner in which they were accomplished, how each one was conceived, how it was conducted, and how it advanced the state of society through technology.
机译：美国政府不时启动了一项庞大而雄心勃勃的计划，这不是正常R＆D程序的一部分，该程序试图预测未来的需求，而是直接响应当前已知的国家需求。这样的程序首先要确定一个令人信服的目标，然后创建并应用知识和专长以实现该目标。在某些情况下，这种方法在美国取得了令人瞩目的成功，同时也极大地推动了技术的应用和发展。技术优势有两个明显的原因。首先，与目标直接相关，保证了相关研究与开发的适用性，因此避免了在分配标准上达成共识的问题。其次，不断实现既定目标可以使进行较大的投资，进行更大胆的研发活动更加安全，并且通常在范围和速度方面都超出了临时增加的增量活动所能取得的成就。很自然地问什么因素使这些程序成功。这些成功的美国计划的特点之一是，它们要求国家发挥最大的创造能力，以完成对国家非常重要的任务。作者考虑了这些程序的历史，完成这些程序的方式，每个程序的构想，执行方式以及如何通过技术改善社会状况。

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