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For whom the bell tolls: state-society relations and the Sichuan earthquake mourning in China

机译：钟声为谁：国家与社会的关系以及中国的四川地震

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摘要

In the wake of the devastating Sichuan earthquake in 2008, the Chinese state, for the first time in the history of the People’s Republic, held a nationwide mourning rite for ordinary disaster victims. Why did this “mourning for the ordinary” emerge in the wake of the Sichuan earthquake but not previous massive disasters? Moreover, the Chinese state tried to demonstrate through the mourning that the state respected ordinary people’s lives and dignity. But this moral-political message contradicted the state’s normal repressive practice. The contradiction was salient when the state forbade the parents of child victims, who died of school collapse, to mourn their children at anniversaries of the earthquake. What can account for this contradiction? Drawing on the state-society relations perspective, I argue that the emergence of “mourning for the ordinary” can be explained by some important changes in structural state-society relations in China in the 2000s, such as the rapidly developing civil society with moral consciousness and the more adaptive authoritarian Chinese state with concern about its moral legitimacy. These changes were strengthened in the situational dynamics in 2008, which led to the state’s acceptance of a mourning proposal from the public sphere. The mourning did not occur in previous disasters because those structural factors were absent or weak and the situational dynamics were different. The state suppressed parents’ mourning and outside activists’ alternative mourning because the state’s concern with stability overrode its moral legitimation, particularly in the changing political context after the Beijing Olympics, and, meanwhile, the civil society was unable to resist the state’s repression. This study theorizes an important but understudied mourning genre, “mourning for the ordinary,” and introduces the state-society perspective into public ritual study.
机译：在2008年四川特大地震之后，中华人民共和国在中华人民共和国历史上首次为全国普通灾民举行了哀悼仪式。为什么在四川地震之后出现了这种“为普通民众哀悼”的事件，却没有以前的大规模灾难发生？此外，中国政府试图通过哀悼来表明，中国尊重普通人民的生活和尊严。但是，这种道德政治信息与国家的正常压制做法相矛盾。当国家禁止因学校倒闭而丧生的儿童受害者的父母在地震周年纪念日哀悼他们的孩子时，这一矛盾就凸显出来。什么能解释这个矛盾？基于国家社会关系的观点，我认为“为平凡哀悼”的出现可以用2000年代中国结构性国家社会关系的一些重要变化来解释，例如具有道德意识的迅速发展的公民社会。以及更具适应性的威权中国国家，对其道德合法性表示关注。这些变化在2008年的形势动态中得到了加强，导致该州接受了公共领域的哀悼提案。在先前的灾难中，没有哀悼是因为那些结构性因素不存在或脆弱并且情况动态不同。国家压制父母的哀悼和外部活动家的哀悼，因为国家对稳定的关注压倒了其道德合法性，尤其是在北京奥运会后不断变化的政治环境中，与此同时，民间社会也无法抵抗国家的压制。该研究理论化了一个重要但未被充分研究的哀悼类型“为普通哀悼”，并将国家-社会视角引入了公共仪式研究。

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