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The role of nuclear technologies in the diagnosis and control of livestock diseases—a review

机译：核技术在牲畜疾病诊断和控制中的作用－综述

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Nuclear and nuclear-related technologies have played an important role in animal health, particularly in relation to disease diagnosis and characterization of pathogenic organisms. This review focuses primarily on how and where nuclear technologies, both non-isotopic and isotopic methods, have made their impact in the past and where it might be expected they could have an impact in the future. The review outlines the extensive use of radiation attenuation in attempts to create vaccines for a multiplicity of pathogenic organisms and how the technology is being re-examined in the light of recent advances in irradiation techniques and cryopreservation/lyophilization that might obviate some of the problems of maintenance of viable, attenuate vaccines and their transport and use in the field. This approach could be used for a number of parasitic diseases where vaccination has been problematic and where investigations into the development of molecular vaccines have still failed to deliver satisfactory candidates for generating protective immune responses. Irradiation of antigens or serum samples also has its uses in diagnosis, especially when the samples need to be transported across international boundaries, or when handling the pathogens in question when carrying out a test presents serious health hazards to laboratory personnel. The present-day extensive use of enzyme immunoassays and molecular methods (e.g., polymerase chain reaction) for diagnosis and characterization of animal pathogens has its origins in the use of isotope-labeled antigens and antibodies. These isotopic techniques that included the use of 75Se, 32P, 125I, and 35S isotopes enabled a level of sensitivity and specificity that was hitherto unrealized, and it is prescient to remind ourselves of just how successful these technologies were, in spite of their infrequent use nowadays. Finally, the review looks at the potential for stable isotope analysis for a variety of applications—in the tracking of animal migrations, where the migrant are potential carriers of transboundary animal diseases, and where it would be useful to determine the origins of the carrier, e.g., Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and its dissemination by wild water fowl. Other applications could be in monitoring sequestered microbial culture (e.g., rinderpest virus) where in the case of accidental or deliberate release of infective culture it would be possible to identify the laboratory from which the isolate originated.
机译：核及与核有关的技术在动物健康方面，特别是在疾病诊断和病原生物表征方面，发挥了重要作用。这次审查主要集中于核技术，无论是非同位素方法还是同位素方法，在过去如何产生影响，以及在何处有望对未来产生影响。审查概述了辐射衰减在尝试为多种病原体生产疫苗中的广泛应用，并根据辐射技术和冷冻保存/冻干的最新进展如何重新审查了该技术，这可能消除了某些问题。维持可行的减毒疫苗及其在野外的运输和使用。这种方法可用于许多寄生虫病，这些地方的疫苗接种问题重重，对分子疫苗开发的研究仍未能为产生保护性免疫应答提供令人满意的候选药物。辐照抗原或血清样品也可用于诊断，特别是当样品需要跨越国际边界运输时，或者在进行测试时处理有问题的病原体会对实验室人员造成严重的健康危害时。如今，酶免疫测定和分子方法（例如，聚合酶链反应）在动物病原体诊断和表征中的广泛应用起源于使用同位素标记的抗原和抗体。这些同位素技术包括使用75 ，32 P，125 I和35 S同位素，这使迄今为止尚未实现的灵敏度和特异性水平达到了极限，并且尽管现在很少使用这些技术，但提醒自己这些技术的成功是有先见之明的。最后，这篇综述着眼于在各种动物应用中进行稳定同位素分析的潜力-在跟踪动物迁徙，迁徙者是跨界动物疾病的潜在携带者以及确定携带者起源的地方，例如，高致病性禽流感及其通过野禽传播。其他应用可以用于监测隔离的微生物培养物（例如牛瘟病毒），在这种情况下，如果偶然或故意释放感染性培养物，则有可能鉴定出分离株的实验室。

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