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Seepage into drifts and tunnels in unsaturated fractured rock

机译：非饱和裂隙岩渗入巷道的渗漏

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Methods for obtaining estimates of seepage into drifts and tunnels excavated in unsaturated fractured rocks are of interest for engineering and environmental applications. For uniform porous media a tunnel surface may present a capillary barrier promoting water diversion around the opening through the porous matrix, hence reducing seepage into the opening. The presence of fractures intersecting the opening complicates flow behavior and presents a challenge to seepage prediction. We present a simple and physically based model for seepage estimation that preserves key physical processes associated with fracture flow, while avoiding complexity of detailed fracture network characterization. The processes of film and capillary-driven flows are combined with a geometrically tractable representation of the dual-continuum fractured rock with two disparate populations of matrix pores and fracture apertures. The large disparity in capillary forces between matrix and fractures rules out matrix seepage based on Philip's theory. We obtain estimates of seepage fraction for a given percolation flux from consideration of the hydraulic conductivity of the fracture domain only. Similar to previous studies, the new model shows existence of a percolation threshold for onset of seepage. The new model also exhibits a steep increase in seepage with increase in percolation flux that reflects the role of fracture film flow. In addition to consideration of physically based flow processes, computations for the proposed analytical model can be performed with common spreadsheet software, which is a distinct advantage over numerical equivalent porous media approaches that require a powerful computational environment, excessive computation time, and thorough characterization of the fracture domain.
机译：用于获得在非饱和裂隙岩石中开挖的巷道和隧道的渗流估计的方法对于工程和环境应用是有意义的。对于均匀的多孔介质，隧道表面可能会出现毛细管屏障，从而促进水通过多孔基质在开口周围转移，从而减少渗入开口的渗漏。与开口相交的裂缝的存在使流动行为复杂化，并且对渗流预测提出了挑战。我们提出了一个简单的基于物理的渗流估算模型，该模型保留了与裂缝流相关的关键物理过程，同时避免了详细的裂缝网络表征的复杂性。膜和毛细管驱动的流动过程与具有两个不同的基质孔和裂隙孔的双连续连续裂隙岩石的几何易处理表示相结合。根据菲利普理论，基质与裂缝之间的毛细作用力的巨大差异将基质渗漏排除在外。我们仅考虑裂缝域的水力传导率，就可得出给定渗流通量的渗透率估算值。与以前的研究类似，新模型显示存在渗流阈值。新模型还显示出渗流随着渗透通量的增加而急剧增加，这反映了断裂膜流动的作用。除了考虑基于物理的流动过程外，还可以使用常见的电子表格软件来执行所提出的分析模型的计算，这相对于数值等效的多孔介质方法具有明显的优势，后者需要强大的计算环境，过多的计算时间以及对流体进行全面表征的方法断裂域。

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