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国际水土保持研究(英文)

国际水土保持研究(英文)

《国际水土保持研究（英文）》（International Soil and Water Conservation Research，简称ISWCR）是由水利部主管，国际泥沙研究培训中心、中国水利水电出版社和中国水利水电科学研究院联合主办，国内外公开出版发行的英文学术性季刊，于2013年6月正式创刊，国内统一出版刊号CN: 10-1107/P， 国际标准期刊编号ISSN: 2095-6339。 《国际水土保持研究》与国际知名出版集团Elsevier合作，通过Elsevier 全文数据库ScienceDirect提供全球化开放获取（Open Access）的发行模式。2015年4月《国际水土保持研究（英文）》被中国科学引文数据库（Chinese Science Citation Database，简称CSCD）核心库收录；2016年12月被摘要和引文数据库SCOPUS收录；2017年10月被科睿唯安（原汤森路透集团）的ESCI数据库（Emerging Sources Citation Index）正式收录. 作为世界水土保持学会（World Association of Soil and Water Conservation，简写为WASWAC）的会刊，《国际水土保持研究》是涉及水土保持研究、实践、政策和观点的综合性学术期刊。办刊宗旨为：报道水土保持科学发展、促进水土保持实践事业。主要刊登水土流失、水土保持、水土资源管理、生态环境及其相关领域的研究成果、动态监测、效果评价、政府决策，以及相关热点、难点问题的研究与讨论。
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  • 发文量：115
  • 被引量：1
  • H指数：0
  • 开始收录时间：2018(1)
  • CNKI综合因子：0.0
  • 维普期刊影响因子： 0.4
  • 万方期刊影响因子：0.0
  • 创刊时间：0
  • 国内刊号/CN：10-1107/P
    国际刊号/ISSN：2095-6339
  • 发行周期：季刊
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  • 主管单位：水利部
    主办单位：国际泥沙研究培训中心;中国水利水电出版社
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  • 主编：雷廷武
  • 电话：010-68786416
  • 邮箱：liqin.qu.iwhr.com
  • 地址：北京市海淀区车公庄西路20号泥沙研究培训中心
  • 邮编：100048
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国际水土保持研究(英文) >2022年第4期

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  • 摘要：Soil and water conservation practices have been extensively used in effective watershed management.The impact of each conservation practice is site specific and dependent on the implementation site in the watershed.In order to select cost effective placement of conservation practices with high impact,a large number of spatial combinations is needed to be compared.In this study,an optimization model framework is presented to find cost effective solutions for sediment yield and runoff control in the Fariman dam watershed in the Northeast of Iran.This was accomplished by integrating soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) for simulation of watershed hydrology and multi objective genetic algorithm(NSGA-Ⅱ) for spatial optimization of soil and water conservation practices.The optimized solutions provided a trade-off between the two objective functions.The final Pareto-optimal shows that the impact of soil and water conservation practices on sediment yield is more than stream flow.The trade-offs between the objective functions show that the implementation of the median cost can lead to a sig-nificant decrease of 22.1％ in the amount of sediment yield,and 10％ in stream flow.Also,percent change achieved through median cost is very close to percent reduction with the highest cost.Results of low cost solution show that the vegetative practices are a suitable economic scenario for soil and water conser-vation.The introduced framework can be adapted as a suitable tool for selecting cost effective conser-vation practices in different regions.
  • 摘要：Water scarcity threatens global food security and agricultural systems are challenged to achieve high yields while optimizing water usage.Water deficit can be accentuated by soil physical degradation,which also triggers water losses through runoff and consequently soil erosion.Although soil health in cropping systems within the Brazilian Cerrado biome have been surveyed throughout the years,infor-mation about soil erosion impacts and its mitigation are still not well understood;especially concerning the role of cropping system diversification and its effects on crop yield.Thus,the aim of this study was to assess whether ecological intensification of cropping systems-inclusion of a consorted perennial grass and crop rotation-could promote soil coverage and consequently decrease water erosion and soil,water,and nutrient losses.This work studied the effects of crop rotation and consorted Brachiaria,along with different levels of investment in fertilization on soil physical quality and on soil,water,and nutrient losses,and crop yields.Results proved that soybean monoculture (SS) is a system of low sustainability even under no-till in the Brazilian Cerrado conditions.It exhibited high susceptibility to soil,water,and nutrient losses,causing low crop yields.Our results showed that water losses in SS cropping system were approximately 10％ of the total annual rainfall,and total K losses would require an additional 35％ of K application.Conversely,ecological intensification of cropping systems resulted in enhanced soil envi-ronmental and agronomic functions,increased grain yield,and promoted soil and water conservation:high soil cover rate,and low soil,water and nutrient losses.Ecological intensification proved to be an adequate practice to boost crop resilience to water deficit in the Brazilian Cerrado.
  • 摘要：Land allocation has been an important issue in land use planning research studies.Land allocation in-volves different multifunctional activities of maximizing environmental,economic and social benefits.Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method is the most popular tool to optimize land allocation problems by considering decision variables,conflicting objectives,and criteria.Hence,decision-makers face problems on how to optimize the land allocation while minimizing the conflicting trade-offs existing in the decision analysis.With this review study,we aim at identifying and extracting infor-mation on MCDM methods to solve land allocation problems from English language articles published between 2000 and 2019 and indexed by four scientific literature databases (Web of Science,Science Direct,Scopus,Google scholar).To this end,we applied a systematic literature review approach,i.e.the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis procedure (Moher et al.,2009),with a structured database search expression.120 articles were selected of which,after careful screening of title,keywords and abstract,69 were retained for detailed review.This review study report compiles comprehensive information by classifying the papers into application area,optimization objectives,criteria used,decision techniques,publication year and study region.In summary,we found that in the last two decades,the use of the MCDM method has increased,particularly in Europe and China.AHP(analytical hierarchal process) is frequently used for multi-attribute land allocation problems with reference to ecotourism and ecosystem management LP (linear programming) and SA (simulating annealing) methods are predominantly used to optimize multi-objectives complex agricultural and forest land allocation problems respectively.
  • 摘要：Among the models used to assess water erosion,the RUSLE model is commonly used.Policy makers can act on cover (C-factor) and conservation practice (P-factor) to reduce erosion,with less costly action on soil surface characteristics.However,the widespread use of vegetation indices such as NDVI does not allow for a proper assessment of the C-factor in drylands where stones,crusted surfaces and litter strongly influence soil protection.Two sub-factors of C,canopy cover (CC) and soil cover (SC),can be assessed from phytoecological measurements that include gravel-pebbles cover,physical mulch,annual and perennial vegetation.This paper introduces a method to calculate the C-factor from phytoecological data and,in combination with remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS),to map it over large areas.A supervised classification,based on field phytoecological data,is applied to radiometric data from Landsat-8/OLI satellite images.Then,a C-factor value,whose SC and CC subfactors are directly derived from the phytoecological measurements,is assigned to each land cover unit.This method and RUSLE are implemented on a pilot region of 3828 km2 of the Saharan Atlas,composed of rangelands and steppe formations,and intended to become an observatory.The protective effect against erosion by gravel-pebbles (50％) is more than twice that of vegetation (23％).The C-factor derived from NDVI (0.67) is higher and more evenly distributed than that combining these two contributions (0.37 on average).Finally,priorities are proposed to derision-makers by crossing the synthetic map of erosion sensitivity and a decision matrix of management priorities.
  • 摘要：This research aims to improve erosion control practice in the Loess Plateau,by studying the surface erosion processes,including splash,sheet/interrill and rill erosion in four contrasting soils under high rainfall intensity (120 mm h-1) with three-scale indoor artificial experiments.Four contrasting soils as sandy loam,sandy clay loam,clay loam and loamy clay were collected from different parts of the Loess Plateau.The results showed that sediment load was significantly impacted by soil properties in all thee sub-processes.Splash rate (4.0-21.6 g m-2·min-1) was highest in sandy loam from the north part of the Loess Plateau and showed a negative power relation with the mean weight diameter of aggregates after 20 min of rainfall duration.The average sediment load by sheet/interrill erosion (6.94-42.86 g m-2·min-1) was highest in clay loam from middle part of the Loess Plateau,and the stable sediment load after 20 min showed a positive power relation with the silt content in soil.The average sediment load increased dramatically by rill and interrill erosion (21.03-432.16 g m-2·min-1),which was highest in loamy clay from south part of the Loess Plateau.The average sediment load after the occurrence of rill showed a positive power relation with clay content and a negative power relation with soil organic matter content.The impacts of slope gradient on the runoff rate and sediment load also changed with soil properties.The critical factors varied for different processes,which were the aggregate size for splash erosion,the content of silt particles and slope gradient for sheet/interriil erosion,and the content of clay particles,soil organic matter and slope gradient for rill erosion.Based on the results of the experiments,specific erosion control practices were proposed by targeting certain erosion processes in areas with different soil texture and different distribution of slope gradient.The findings from this study should support the improvement of erosion prediction and cropland management in different regions of the Loess Plateau.
  • 摘要：Climate and human activities change spatial and temporal distribution of water and land use.The Tarim River,the largest inland river in China,faced a long-term exploitation of land and water over a rapid economic development.We analyzed land and water use from 1997 to 2019 in Tarim River Basin by Landsat images,and data on hydrology,climate,population,economy and PM2.5 (air particulate matter≤2.5 μm).Agricultural land expanded the fastest (4-11％),followed by natural vegetation (15-16％) and water area (4-5％) with population and economic increase.Air quality (PM2.5 μg m-3) improved in upper(62-27) and middle (48-17) reaches.The water area in lower increase 5％ because of ecological water delivery since 2000.Land use in the lower reach was dominated by agriculture,where the downstream runoff consumption increased by 6.8 times.The average annual air temperature and precipitation gradually increased by 0.5 ℃ and 51 mm in source and 0.9 ℃ and 30 mm in main reaches.The average annual water consumption in upper and middle reaches was 4 × 109 m3,accounting for 87％ of input runoff in the main reach.Water consumption in middle reach increased by 33 times in 2009-2017.The industry structure was changing from primary to secondary and tertiary industry.To sum up,imple-mentation of water saving strategies and ecological water delivery restored local ecolosy.Sustainable strategies should be applied facing industrialization.Furthermore,changing the industry structure and restoring the degraded farmlands to grasslands or forests would keep sustainability of Tarim River Basin.
  • 摘要：Identifying land management practices (LMPs) that enhance on-site sediment management and crop productivity is crucial for the prevention,reduction,and restoration of land degradation and contributing to achieving land degradation neutrality (LDN).We reviewed studies in Ethiopia to assess the effects of LMPs on soil loss (84 studies) and crop productivity (34 studies) relative to control practice.Yield variability on conserved lands was assessed using 12,796 fixed plot data.Effects of LMP on soil loss were 0.5-55 t ha-1y-1 compared to control practices yielding 50 to 140 t ha-1y-1.More than 55％ of soil loss records revealed soil loss less than the tolerable rate (10 t ha-1).Area closure,perennial vegetation cover,agronomic practices,mechanical erosion control practices,annual cropland cover,and drainage groups of practices led to 74.0 ± 18.3％,69.0 ± 24.6％,66.2 ± 30.5％,66.1 ± 18.0％,63.5 ± 20.0％,and 40 ± 11,1％ soil loss reduction,respectively.A yield increase of 25.2 ± 15.0％,37.5 ± 28.0％,and 75.4 ± 85.0％ was found from drainage,agronomy,and mechanical erosion control practices,respectively.The average yield loss by erosion on fields without appropriate land management practice and on conserved fields was 26.5 ± 26.0％ and 25 ± 3.7％,respectively.The findings suggest that practices that entail a continuous presence of soil cover during the rainy season,perennial vegetation,retention of moisture,and barriers for sediment transport were most effective at decreasing soil loss and increasing productivity.This re-view provides evidence to identify the best LMP practices for wider adoption and inform derision-making on LMP investments towards achieving sustainable solutions to reverse land degradation.
  • 摘要：Near-surface features have a great influence on runoff and detachment processes by overland flow,but the contributions are still unclear on steep slopes with yellow soil in subtropical humid regions.Field scouring experiments were conducted to investigate how near-surface features affect hydraulic pa-rameters and detachment rate by overland flow.Five treatments and a baseline (disturbed rootless bare cropland) were designed to identify the contributions from stem-leaves,litter,biological soil crusts(BSCs),root systems and non-disturbance,respectively.The results showed that (1) the values of velocity,Reynolds number and Froude number for vegetated slopes were significantly lower than that of baseline,and stem-leaves made a greater contribution (average of 47.30％) to reducing kinetic energy than the other features;(2) the total contribution rate of grassland was 99.38％,and of this total,1.19,1.44,2.49,49.79 and 44.47％ reductions were attributed to the stem-leaves,litter,BSCs,root systems and non-disturbance,respectively.Root system and non-disturbance dominated the detachment rate reduction;(3) with increasing flow rate or slope gradient,the total contribution rate remained between 98％ and 100％;and (4) for each treatment,the relationship between detachment rate and hydraulic parameters remained constant,and the stream power was the best predictor to detachment rate.The study results are helpful in evaluating the effects of near-surface features on erosion control and providing reference for government derision-makers to choose appropriate soil conservation and management practices.
  • 摘要：In these last decades,the awareness that soil is a very important resource for humans has noticeably increased.Many actions and initiatives to promote soil governance,aiming at sustainable soil manage-ment and soil security have been undertaken by several national and international institutions and in many countries.Analysis of the changes of soil perception over the centuries allows highlighting a perfect harmony between the evolution of soil awareness and the level of knowledge and technology achieved by humans during their history and evolution.Notwithstanding these many achievements,soils continue to be scarcely considered in politics and society.We suggest some thoughts and reflections that could lead to an up-to-date and effective definition of soil that directly focuses the public attention on its economic value.In our opinion,soil economic value could be the only aspect that truly attracts the attention of politicians and administrators,which could increase soil awareness and encourage soil sustainability,security and Sustainable Development Goals and finally promote soil governance.
  • 摘要：Water erosion process induces differences to the nitrogen(N)functional microbial community structure,which is the driving force to key N processes at soil-water interface.However,how the soil N trans-formations associated with water erosion is affected by microorganisms,and how the microbial respond,are still unclear.The objective of this study is to investigate the changes of microbial diversity and community structure of the N-cycle function microorganisms as affected by water erosion under application of organic manure and straw cover.On the basis of iso-nitrogen substitution,four treatments were set up:1)only chemical fertilizer with N 150 kg ha-1,P2O5 60 kg ha-1 and K2O 90 kg ha-1(CK);the N was substituted 20％by 2)organic manure(OM);3)straw(SW);and 4)organic manure+straw(1:1)(OMSW).The results showed that applying organic manure and straw to sloping farmland can increase soil N contents,but reduce runoff depth,Kw,sediment yield and N loss,especially in the OMSW.Straw cover and straw+organic manure increased the diversity(Chao1)of nitrifier(AOB),and both diversity and uniformity(Shannon)of denitrifier(nirK/S)were increased in the OMSW.All erosion control mea-sures reduced N-fixing bacteria diversity and increased their uniformity,and the combined application of organic manure and straw cover was a better erosion control measure than the single application of them.Improved soil chemistry and erodibility were the main drives for the changes of N-functional microbial community structure and the appearance of dominant bacteria with different organic materials.
  • 摘要：Soil erosion is a serious environmental problem arising from agricultural intensification and landscape changes.Improper land management coupled with intense rainfall has intricated the problem in most parts of the Ethiopian highlands.Soil loss costs a profound amount of the national GDP.Thus,quantifying soil loss and prioritizing areas for conservation is imperative for proper planning and resource conser-vation.Therefore,this study has modeled the mean soil loss and annual sediment yield of the Gumara watershed.Landsat 5 TM,Landsat 7ETM+,and Landsat 8 OLI were used for land use land cover(LULC)change analysis.Besides these,other datasets related to rainfall,digital soil map,Digital Elevation Model,reference land use,and cover(LULC)ground truth points were used to generate parameters for modeling soil loss.The watershed was classified into five major land-use classes(water body,cultivated land,grazing land,built-up and forest and plantation)using a maximum likelihood algorithm covering a period of the last 30 years(1988-2019).The mean annual soil loss and sediment yield were quantified using RUSLE,Sediment delivery ratio(SDR),and Sediment Yields models(SY).The analysis result unveils that within the past 30 years,the watershed has undergone significant LULC changes from forest&plantation(46.33％)and grazing land to cultivated land(31.59％)with the rate of-1.42km2yr-1 and-2.80km2yr-1 respectively.In the same vein,the built-up area has expanded to cultivated and grazing land.Subsequently,nearly 15％(207 km2)of the watershed suffered from moderate to very severe soil loss.On average,the watershed losses 24.2t ha-1 yr-1 of soil and yields 2807.02t ha-1 yr-1 sediment.Annually,the watershed losses 385,157t ha-1 yr-1 soil from the whole study area.Among the admir-ative districts,Farta(Askuma,Giribi,Mahidere Mariam and Arigo kebeles),Fogera(Gazen Aridafofota and Gura Amba kebeles),East Este(Witimera kebele),and Dera(Gedame Eyesus and Deriana Wechit kebeles)districts which cover 50％of the watershed were found severely affected by soil erosion.Thus,to curve back this scenario,soil and water conservation practices should prioritize in the aforementioned districts of the watersheds.
  • 摘要：Environmental monitoring of small,rural watersheds was one of the components of the Natural Re-sources Management and Rural Poverty Alleviation Program(RS-Rural)in southern Brazil.The purpose of the monitoring was to assess the impact of promoting soil conservation and environment manage-ment practices adopted by farmers and funded by the Program.In four small monitored watersheds,in a total of 95 plots representing distinct land use and soil management,surface soil was collected to characterize ground-zero of the Program by determining several soil physical,chemical and microbio-logical properties.Principal component analysis(PCA)shows soil physical,chemical and biological properties were decisive in defining the agricultural soils in the rural watersheds with family farming.The sensitivity to chemical properties provides an opportunity to improve soil quality if soil management focuses on altering those properties.Soil management practiced by tobacco farmers leads to rapid,intense degradation of some natural soil properties,especially those related to the dynamics of soil organic matter,compared with more conservationist uses(forest,regrowth,and grassland).Thus,soil management must be reoriented to avoid the progress of degradation and recover soil physical and biological quality.Cover crops and by land-abandonment to allow natural vegetation are important management strategies for the degraded soils used for tobacco production,increasing soil organic matter,nutrients and microbial activity and thus allowing further crop production.In conclusion,wa-tersheds with tobacco cropping have soils with lower quality than when under no-tillage grain pro-duction,requiring changes in land use and soil management.
  • 摘要：Aeolian sandy lands are widespread and desertification is recognized as one of the main environmental issues in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley,southern Tibetan plateau.The surface microtopographic var-iations induced by the near soil surface characteristics of plant communities are important compositions of land surface roughness,which likely influence wind erosion.This study was conducted to quantify the effects of typical vegetation restoration on land surface roughness on the aeolian sandy lands,and to identify the main influencing factors of land surface roughness in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley.Two bare sandy lands(as controls)and eight vegetated sandy lands with different restoration communities and ages were selected,and land surface roughness(LSR),as represented by surface microtopographic variations in this study,was measured by photogrammetric surveys.The results showed that LSR significantly increased by 7.9-16.8 times after vegetation restoration on the aeolian sandy lands,and varied among different restoration communities and ages.The mostly restored communities of Sophora moorcroftiana and Populus L.had greater LSR as compared to Artemisia wellbyi and Hedysarum scoparium.With succession from 6 to over 30 years,LSR gradually increased in the Sophora moorcroftiana restored sandy lands,but decreased in the Populus L restored sandy lands.The variations of LSR were mainly attributed to the differences in near soil surface characteristics of vegetation(plant stem diameter and coverage,and plant residue density)and biological soil crusts(coverage and thickness).Mixed plantation of Populus L and Sophora moorcroftiana was considered as the best restoration communities because of their effectiveness in increasing land surface roughness on the aeolian sandy lands in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley.The results would facilitate the understanding of the benefits of vegetation restoration in controlling wind erosion on the aeolian sandy lands.
  • 摘要：The hydrological conditions near the soil surface influence the soil erosion process,as determined by the soil erodibility and critical shear stress.The soil erodibility and critical shear stress of saturated purple soil slopes were computed and compared with those of unsaturated purple soil slopes.The detachment capacities computed through the numerical method(NM),modified numerical method(MNM)and analytical method(AM),from rill erosion experiments on saturated purple soil slopes at different flow rates(2,4,and 8 L min-1)and slope gradients(5,10,15,and 20°),were used to comparatively compute the soil erodibility and critical shear stress.The computed soil erodibilities and critical shear stresses were also compared with those of unsaturated purple soil slopes.At the different slope gradients ranging from 5° to 20°,there were no significant differences in the soil erodibilities of the saturated purple soil and also in those of the unsaturated purple soil.The critical shear stresses slightly varied with the slope gradients.The saturated purple soil was relatively significantly more susceptible to erosion.The NM overestimated the soil erodibility of both saturated and unsaturated soils by 31％and underestimated the critical shear stress.The MNM yielded the same soil erodibility and critical shear stress values as the AM.The results of this study supply parameters for modeling rill erosion of saturated purple soil slope.
  • 摘要：Lack of appropriate agronomic practices is one of the major causes for soil erosion and low yields in teff(Eragrostis tef[Zucc.])production in Ethiopia.A 3-yr study was conducted at the Aba Gerima watershed in northwestern Ethiopia,to investigate the effects of two tillage practices(reduced tillage[RT]and conventional tillage[CT]),two planting methods(row planting[RP]and broadcast planting[BP]),and two compaction options(with[+T]and without[-T]trampling)on soil loss and teff yields in a split-split plot arrangement.Sediment concentration ranged from 0.01 to 5.37 g L-1(mean,0.25 g L-1)in our study.Accordingly,the estimated total(August-October)soil loss ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 t ha-1(mean,0.3 t ha-1).The sediment concentration and total soil loss were significantly influenced(P＜0.05)by tillage,planting methods,and trampling only in the third monitoring year.RT reduced soil loss by 19％relative to that of CT,whereas RP resulted in a 13％reduction in soil loss over BP.The-T plots showed a 15％reduction in soil loss as compared to+T plots.Results revealed significant increase in soil total carbon and nitrogen in RT and-T.Less soil loss and greater teff grain yield were obtained in plots with improved agronomic practices(RT and RP)compared to conventional ones(CT and BP).Based on our findings we conclude that the use of RT,RP,and-T practices can effectively minimize soil loss without any crop yield penalty.
  • 摘要：Runoff components are the most important factors in explaining the hydrological behaviour of a system.So that the proper understanding of the runoff processes may effectively help managers and decision-makers adopt appropriate measures.In this regard,there are variety of approaches to handle runoff generation,but the application of environmentally friendly,biologic-based and cost-effective approaches such as soil microorganisms has been seldom reported.The study has therefore tried to investigate the role of inoculation of cyanobacteria on runoff components under rain simulation conditions at the mid-sized(i.e.,6×1m)plots installed at=30％slope steepness.The treated plots were subjected to a simulated rainfall with an intensity of 50 mm h-1 and an initial duration of 30 min with three replica-tions.A simulated runoff of 2.18±0.32 Lmin-1 was also performed simultaneously on the onset of starting surface runoff.The results showed significant differences(P＜0.021)in hydrological behaviours in control and treated plots.So that no surface runoff was produced in treated plots up to the end of the initial duration of 30 min of simulated rainfall.The results revealed that cyanobacterization by secretion of exopolysaccharides not only postponed runoff generation but also effectively inhibited runoff com-ponents even if the rainfall incident extended for longer periods.The positive effect of cyanobacterization on increasing infiltration and potential storage of water beneath the soil was also verified in the present study,which suggests the profitable application of cyanobacteria for regulating hydrologic components.
  • 摘要：Soil erodibility(K factor)mapping has been accomplished mainly by soil map-linked or geo-statistical interpolation.However,the resulting maps usually have coarse spatial resolution at a regional scale.The objectives of this study were a)to map the K factors using a set of environmental variables and random forest(RF)model,and b)to identify the important environmental variables in the predictive mapping on a regional scale.We collected 101 surface soil samples across southeast China in the summer of 2019.For each sample,we measured the particle size distribution and organic matter content,and calculated the K factors using the nomograph equation.The hyperparameters of RF were optimized through 5-fold cross validation(may=2,ntree=500,p=63),and a digital map with 250 m resolution was generated for the K factor.The lower and upper limits of a 90％prediction interval were also pro-duced for uncertainty analysis.It was found that the important environmental variables for the K factor prediction were relief,climate,land surface temperature and vegetation indexes.Since the existing K factor map has an average polygonal area of 6.8 km2,our approach dramatically improves the spatial resolution of the K factor to 0.0625 km2.The new method captures more distinct differences in spatial details,and the spatial distribution of the K factor derived from RF prediction followed a similar pattern with kriging interpolation.This suggests the presented approach in this study is effective for mapping the K factor with limited sampling data.
  • 摘要：As an important soil and water conservation engineering measure,more than 100,000 check dams are constructed across the Loess Plateau;these dams play a vital role in reducing floods and sediment in the region.However,the effects of check dams on hydrologic process are still unclear,particularly when they are deployed as a system for watershed soil and water management.This study examined the watershed hydrologic process modulated by the check dam system in a typical Loess Plateau catchment.By simulating scenarios with various numbers of check dams using a distributed physically-based hydro-logical model,the effects of the number of check dams on runoff generation and concentration were analyzed for the study catchment.The results showed that the presence of check dams reduced the peak discharge and the flood volume and extended the flood duration;the reduction effect on peak discharge was most significant among the three factors.The system of check dams substantially decreased the runoff coefficient,and the runoff coefficient reduction rate was greater for rainstorms with shorter return periods than for rainstorms with longer return periods.The check dams increased the capacity of the catchment regulating and storing floods and extended the average runoff concentration time in the catchment that flattened the instantaneous unit hydrograph.This study reveals the influencing mech-anism of check dam system on the watershed hydrological process under heavy rainstorm conditions and provides a theoretical basis for evaluating the effects of numerous check dams on regional hydrology and water resources on the Loess Plateau.
  • 摘要：Maps of erosivity,which are also commonly referred to as isoerodent maps,have played a critical role in soil conservation efforts in the United States and around the world.Currently available erosivity maps for the United States are either outdated,conflict with erosivity benchmarking studies,or utilized less advanced spatial mapping methods.Furthermore,it is possible that the same underlying issues with US maps are impacting global maps as well.In this study,we used more than 3400 15-min,fixed-interval precipitation gauges to update the isoerodent map of the conterminous United States.Erosivity values were interpolated using universal kriging under several spatial model configurations and resolutions.The optimal spatial model was selected based on which result had the lowest sample variogram error.Rainfall,erosivity,and erosivity density maps were compared to existing products.Some average annual and annual erosivity results were compared to high-quality erosivity benchmarking publications.Erosivity values from both RUSLE2 and Panagos et al.(2017)were generally lower in the eastern United States and mixed in the western United States compared to our results.Topographic effects resulted in much greater erosivity differences in this study as compared to prior maps.Benchmark comparisons revealed that erosivity maps from this study and others were lower than the benchmark by 14％or more(up to 38％).These findings suggest current practices of storm omission and intensity dampening correction need to be revisited,especially in locations with relatively low-to-moderate rainfall erosivity such as the Midwest or Northeast United States,for example.
  • 摘要：More frequent extreme rainfall events associated with global climate change cause greater challenges for soil conservation.Severe erosion occurs on many unpaved roads since these structures create important water flow paths during heavy storms.The present research aimed to investigate the intensity and influencing factors of unpaved road erosion under varied land use and management conditions(sloping cropland,terraced cropland,forest&grass).The erosion occurred in the watersheds contributing runoff water to roads after the greatest rainfall event recorded in the mountain area of northern China caused by Typhon Lekima.The research was conducted in an agricultural-forest-dominated watershed based on field investigation and UAV-based image analysis.A road erosion level classification standard was given according to the occurrence of rills,ephemeral gullies,and gullies.Significant erosion happened on 67％of the unpaved roads;42％of them suffered moderate to severe erosion in which ephemeral gullies or gullies developed.The average erosion amount from these roads was 2280.75 t ha-1 and was significantly influenced by the watershed land use type and management.The dominant factor governing unpaved road erosion associated with terraced cropland was vegetation coverage on roads.Drainage area was the most important factor for road erosion in sloping cropland and forest&grass land,and road gradient was also a critical factor.Terraces,and forest&grass in drainage areas significantly reduced unpaved road erosion by 85％and,47％,respectively,compared to sloping cropland.More integrated measures should be used to prevent unpaved road erosion.The results of this research can be applied to road protection against erosion in heavy storms.
  • 摘要：Accelerated soil erosion is a major threat to soil,and there are great variations in the rate of soil erosion over time due to natural and human-induced factors.The temperate forest zone of Russia is character-ized by complex stages of land-use history(i.e.active urbanization,agricultural development,land abandonment,etc.).We have for the first time estimated the rates of soil erosion by the WaTEM/SEDEM model(rainfall erosion)and by a regional model(snowmelt erosion)over the past 250 years(from 1780 to 2019)for a 100-km2 study site in the Moscow region of Russia.The calculations were made on the basis of a detailed historical reconstruction of the following factors:the location of the arable land,crop rotation,the rain erosivity factor,and the maximum snow water equivalent.The area of arable land has decreased more than 3.5-fold over the past 250 years.At the end of the 20th century,the rates of gross erosion had declined more than 5.5-fold(from 28×103 to 5×103 t·ha-1yr-1)in comparison with the end of the 18th century.Changes in the boundaries of arable land and also the relief features had led to a significant intra-slope accumulation of sediments.As a result of sediment redeposition within the arable land,the variation in net soil erosion was significantly lower than the variation in gross soil erosion.The changes in arable land area and in crop composition are the factors that have to the greatest extent determined the changes in soil erosion in this territory.
  • 摘要：The European Commission's Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection(COM(2012)46)identified soil erosion as an important threat to European Union's(EU)soil resources.Gully erosion is an important but hitherto poorly understood component of this threat.Here we present the results of an unprecedented attempt to monitor the occurrence of gully erosion across the EU and UK.We integrate a soil erosion module into the 2018 LUCAS Topsoil Survey,which was conducted to monitor the soil health status across the EU and to support actions to prevent soil degradation.We discuss and explore opportunities to further improve this method.The 2018 LUCAS Topsoil Survey consisted of soil sampling(0-20 cm depth)and erosion observations conducted in ca.10％(n=24,759)of the 238,077 Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey(LUCAS)2018 in-field survey sites.Gully erosion channels were detected for ca.1％(211 sites)of the visited LUCAS Topsoil sites.Commission(false positives,2.5％)and omission errors(false negatives,5.6％)were found to be low and at a level that could not compromise the representativeness of the gully erosion survey.Overall,the findings indicate that the tested 2018 LUCAS Topsoil in-field gully erosion monitoring system is effective for detecting the incidence of gully erosion.The morphogenesis of the mapped gullies suggests that the approach is an effective tool to map permanent gullies,whereas it appears less effective to detect short-lived forms like ephemeral gullies.Spatial patterns emerging from the LUCAS Topsoil field observations provide new insights on typical gully formation sites across the EU and UK.This can help to design further targeted research activities.An extension of this approach to all LUCAS sites of 2022 would significantly enhance our understanding of the geographical distribution of gully erosion processes across the EU.Repeated every three years,LUCAS soil erosion surveys would contribute to assess the state of gully erosion in the EU over time.It will also enable monitoring and eventually predicting the dynamics of gully erosion.Data collected were part of the publicly available Gully Erosion LUCAS visual assessment(GE-LUCAS v1.0)inventory.
  • 摘要：Root tensile strength is commonly affected by root morphology and fiber content,which combinedly affect the effectiveness of terrace hedgerow on controlling soil erosion in sloping farmland.However,the relationships between these root characteristics are still elusive.This study aimed to compare the root tensile strength,root morphologies,and root fiber contents,and quantify their differences among different plant species.Complete root systems of three terrace hedgerow plant species,i.e.,O.bodinieri,V.villosa,and D.lablab L were sampled for detecting root morphologies and fiber contents at different slope positions on a representative hillslope in karst trough valley.Single root specimens were collected to measure root tensile properties for these three plant species.Results showed that most root morphological parameters were the highest in O.bodinieri,followed by D.lablab L Three plant species presented the same dominant diameter class as＜1.0 mm,and root volumes as＜1.50 cm3.Cellulose with contents closing to 50％was the main fiber type,and increased significantly linearly with the increasing root diameter in both O.bodinieri and V.villosa.The highest tensile strength and Young's modulus were found in D.lablab L,while the best ultimate tensile force and ultimate elongation were displayed in O.bodinieri.Root diameter showed negative power relationships with tensile strength and Young's modulus,a positive power relationship with ultimate tensile force,and a positive linear relationship with ultimate elongation.Our results will deepen the understanding of the terrace hedgerow functions for controlling soil erosion worldwide.
  • 摘要：Evaluating the effects of revegetation on runoff and erosion reduction is essential for studying soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau after implementation of China's Grain for Green Project.However,quantifying the influence of revegetation on the erosion caused by concentrated runoff in extreme rainstorms is still challenging.To evaluate this influence,scouring-erosion experiments were implemented in situ on the vegetated hillslope plots(GR)and bare hillslope plots(CK).The runoff-reducing effects of grass(GRR)averaged 31％,20％and 8％,and the erosion-reducing effects of grass(GER)averaged 93％,95％and 93％on the 5°-plots,10°-plots and 18°-plots,respectively.The ratios of GRR to GER were 0.09-0.33,implying that the ability of vegetation to reduce erosion was greater than its ability to reduce runoff.The GRR and GER obviously decreased as the inflow rate increased,and the GRR decreased as the hillslope gradient increased,but there were no obvious differences in the GER between hillslope gradients.Vegetation could decrease the ability of the concentrated flow to carry and transport sediment and increase the energy consumption of the concentrated flow in response to hydraulic resistance.Vegetation also significantly reduced the degree of rill development.The degree of rill dissection on the GR(0.054-0.087 m2 m-2)was lower than that on the CK(0.061-0.184 m2 m-2).Our findings provide an essential reference for ecological environment and vegetation restoration on loess hillslopes.
  • 摘要：Soil interparticle forces can pose important effects on soil aggregate stability and rainfall splash erosion.Meanwhile,these interparticle forces are strongly influenced by specific ion effects.In this study,we applied three monovalent cations(Li+,Na+,and K+)with various concentrations to investigate the in-fluence of specific ion effects on aggregate stability and splash erosion via pipette and rainfall simulation methods.The specific ion effects on soil interparticle forces were quantitatively evaluated by introducing cationic non-classical polarization.The results showed that aggregate stability and splash erosion had strong ion specificity.Aggregate breaking strength and splash erosion rate at the same salt concentration followed the sequence as Li+＞Na+＞K+.With decreasing salt concentration,the difference in aggregate breaking strength or splash erosion rate between different cation systems increased initially(1-10-2 mol L-1)and later was nearly invariable(10-2-10-4 mol L-1).The experimental results were well quantitatively explained by soil interparticle forces considering cationic non-classical polarization.Furthermore,both aggregate breaking strength and splash erosion rate of three cations revealed a strong positive linear relation with net force subjected to cationic non-classical polarization(R2=0.81,R2=0.81).These results demonstrated that different non-classical polarization of cations resulted in different soil interparticle forces,and thus led to differences in aggregate stability and splash erosion.Our study provides valuable information to deeply understand the mechanisms of rainfall splash erosion.
  • 摘要：Rangeland hillslopes provide much of the sediment supplied to channel systems and their lengths exert a fundamental constraint on hillslope diffusive processes.However,information regarding lengths of rangeland hillslopes,and how best to estimate them,is limited.In this study,three groups of watersheds(10 in total)were selected from the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed according to their geology,soil and vegetation characteristics.Group 1 watersheds were at lower elevations dominated by shrubs,Group 3 were at high elevations dominated by grass,and Group 2 were mixed shrub and grass.Their hillslope lengths were calculated from 1 m-resolution DEMs using three methods:a flow routing al-gorithm,slope-area relationships,and inverted relationship with drainage density.Parameters that characterize the current watersheds,including Hack's exponent and coefficient,watershed shape coef-ficient,channel concavity and steepness,and surface roughness,were quantified and related to hillslope lengths.Results shows:(1)estimated hillslope lengths were different for the three methods and between the three groups of watersheds;(2)hillslope lengths that measured from the flow routing algorithm for the ten selected watersheds primarily ranged from 30 to 100 m,with a median value of 63.0 m,which was 20％-50％greater than those derived from slope-area plots or drainage densities;(3)hillslope lengths estimated from the flow routing method were greater in Group 3 watersheds than in Group 2 and then in Group 1 watersheds.We attributed these differences in hillslope lengths to the historic epeirogenic pulses,watershed and drainage network morphology,and differences in vegetation char-acteristics;(4)measured hillslope lengths from the flow routing algorithm were best correlated with hillslope relief,then surface roughness,channel steepness and concavity.These results would benefit the applications of hydrological and erosion models in rangelands.
  • 摘要：Rainfall erosivity is defined as the potential of rain to cause erosion.It has great potential for application in studies related to natural disasters,in addition to water erosion.The objectives of this study were:ⅰ)to model the Rday using a seasonal model for the Mountainous Region of the State of Rio de Janeiro(MRRJ);ⅱ)to adjust thresholds of the Rday index based on catastrophic events which occurred in the last two decades;and ⅲ)to map the maximum daily rainfall erosivity(Rmaxday)to assess the region's suscepti-bility to rainfall hazards according to the established Rday limits.The fitted Rday model presented a satisfactory result,thereby enabling its application as a Rday estimate in MRRJ.Events that resulted in Rday＞1500 MJ ha-1.mm.h-1.day-1 were those with the highest number of fatalities.The spatial distribution of Rmaxday showed that the entire MRRJ has presented values that can cause major rainfall.The Rday index proved to be a promising indicator of rainfall disasters,which is more effective than those normally used that are only based on quantity(mm)and/or intensity(mm.h-1)of the rain.
  • 摘要：Suction measurement has a vital role in unsaturated soil analysis.However,measuring soil suction re-mains a challenging task due to a number of issues such as the limited range of suction measurement,cavitation,or long equilibrium time.It is even more challenging when the suction measurement is to be carried on the field.Hence,the development of a new suction measurement device which is able to measure high suction range for a long duration without tedious maintenance and yet portable enough for site measurement is required.In this study,a new sensor which is referred to as NTU Osmotic Tensi-ometer was developed along with the method to correct for decay and temperature.The NTU osmotic tensiometer is based on polymer swelling capacity in order to measure in-situ soil suction in real time for a very long duration.It requires minimum maintenance as the polymer-based sensor is not affected by the cavitation phenomenon.However,correction for decay and temperature is of paramount importance and therefore explained in this paper.Verification of the NTU osmotic tensiometer was carried out by comparing the field measurement results from the NTU osmotic tensiometer and the small tip tensi-ometer.The performance of the NTU osmotic tensiometer was found to be comparable with that of the small tip tensiometer,but the NTU osmotic tensiometer is able to measure more than 100 kPa soil suction.Therefore,it is possible to obtain the field soil-water characteristic curve by combining the measured in-situ soil suction from the NTU osmotic tensiometer with the measured in-situ water con-tent from the moisture sensor as illustrated in the paper.
  • 摘要：Restoration of the degraded rangelands in Jordan using mechanized water harvesting and native species planting has become key to enhancing and maintaining the productivity and resilience of fragile eco-systems.A balanced interaction between the rangeland's hydrology and vegetation states is vital for achieving long-term sustainability.To gain a better insight into the impact of restoration on surface runoff and erosion and its role in recovering the ecosystem functions,we used the Rangeland Hydro-logical and Erosion Model(RHEM)to simulate various vegetation scenarios.Our research aims to un-derstand the rangelands'water and sediment dynamics and the vegetation transition states of the ecosystem through evaluating the current(degraded)situation,assess the restoration approach on improving the degraded status(restored),and investigate the long-term sustainability of the restoration approach compared with historical rangeland conditions(baseline).Several scenarios were developed with rangeland experts,local community representatives,and measurements at protected and restored areas to represent the rangeland conditions.We found that restoration of the degraded Badia areas will decrease annual surface runoff from an average of 23.5 to 19.1 mm/year and soil erosion rate from 3.3 to 1.3 tons/ha.With time,restoration can bring back rangeland water and sediment dynamics closer to-wards the baseline conditions,which were 16.9 mm/year runoff rates and 0.85 ton/ha/year soil loss.The results indicate that restoration is a promising methodology to restore the degraded ecosystem and approximate the environment's historical hydrological regime.

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