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首页> 外文期刊>Plant Disease >Seasonal and Cross-Seasonal Timing of Fungicide Trunk Injections in Apple Trees to Optimize Management of Apple Scab
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Seasonal and Cross-Seasonal Timing of Fungicide Trunk Injections in Apple Trees to Optimize Management of Apple Scab

机译：苹果树中杀菌剂树干注射的季节性和跨季节时机，以优化苹果黑星病的管理

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摘要

To optimize the number and timing of trunk injections for season-long control of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), we evaluated 1 to 2 and 4 seasonal and cross-seasonal injections of potassium phosphites and synthetic fungicides and quantified residues in leaves and fruit. Phosphites accumulated in the canopy at the highest concentrations, aligned well in time with scab suppression, and gave better leaf scab control of 41.8 to 73.5% than propiconazole (16.9 to 51.5%) or cyprodinil + difenocona-zole (5.4 to 17.4%). More injections of phosphites controlled leaf scab better than fewer (23.7% versus 48.2%), and more fungicide injections resulted in 21.9 to 51.1% better leaf scab control than fewer. Leaf scab control with phosphites was only 3.2 to 13.9%better with 4 cross-seasonal compared with 4 seasonal injections, while 1 to 2 seasonal compared with 1 to 2 cross-seasonal injections improved scab control only for4.2 to 22.1%. On shoots, injected phosphites provided comparable or for 4.4 to 10.5% and 22.3 to 41.4% better scab control than spray standards. On fruit, injected phosphites slightly improved control compared with sprayed phosphites or the sprayed fungicide standard (33.4 to 40.8%). Two seasonal injections of phosphites controlled shoot scab 5.7% better than 9 spray applications. Five sprays of cyprodinil + difenoconazole controlled scab better than their injections. Fruit residues of phosphites reached 2.8 ppm and declined in all treatments except in 2 seasonal injections and phosphite sprays. Cyprodinil and difenoconazole fruit residues reached 0.02 and 0.07 ppm and declined sharply toward the end of the season. These were far below the United States, Codex, and EU MRL-s of 1, 0.8, and 0.5 ppm for difenoconazole, and 1.7, 2, and 1 ppm for cyprodinil, respectively.
机译：为了优化用于整个季节控制苹果黑星病（Venturia inaequalis）的树干注射的次数和时间，我们评估了1至2和4次季节性和跨季节的亚磷酸钾，合成杀真菌剂以及叶片和果实中残留物的定量注射。亚磷酸酯以最高浓度积累在冠层中，并能及时抑制结time，与丙环唑（16.9％至51.5％）或环丙啶+二苯并呋喃唑（5.4％至17.4％）相比，对叶control的控制效果更好，为41.8％至73.5％。更多的亚磷酸酯注射液对叶sc的控制效果要好于减少（23.7％对48.2％），而更多的杀菌剂注射液对叶fewer的控制效果要好于21.9至51.1％。使用亚磷酸酯对叶sc的控制相对于4次季节性注射而言，在4个跨季节的注射中控制效果仅为3.2％至13.9％，而与1至2次交叉季节的注射相比，使用1至2个季节性季节的改善对sc疮的控制能力仅为4.2％至22.1％。芽上注射的亚磷酸酯对control病的控制效果与喷洒标准品相当或达到4.4％至10.5％和22.3％至41.4％。在水果上，与喷洒的亚磷酸酯或喷洒的杀菌剂标准品（33.4％至40.8％）相比，注入的亚磷酸酯对防治效果略有改善。与9次喷洒相比，两次季节性亚磷酸酯注射可控制枝sc结5. 5.7％。五次扑热息痛+苯乙康唑的喷剂控制结ab效果优于注射剂。亚硝酸盐的水果残留量达到2.8 ppm，在所有处理中均下降，但两次季节性注射和亚磷酸盐喷洒除外。环丙啶和二苯并噻唑的水果残留量分别达到0.02和0.07 ppm，并在本季末急剧下降。这些含量远低于美国，食品法典和欧盟的MRL-s（分别为1，fenfenconazole和1，ppm和0.5 ppm，以及cyprodinil为1.7、2和1 ppm）。

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