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Where Will the Next Norman Borlaug Come From? A US Perspective of Plant Pathology Education and Research

机译：下一位诺曼·鲍洛格将从何而来？美国对植物病理学教育和研究的看法

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Plant diseases can be traced back almost as far as recorded history. Numerous ancient writings describe plagues and blasts destroying crops and modern civilization still faces many plant disease challenges. Plant pathology has its roots in botany and notable scientists Such as Tillet, Prevost, and deBary already had Concluded microscopic organisms could cause plant diseases before Robert Koch established the rules of proof of pathogenicity with sheep anthrax. Plant pathologists can be credited with helping improve crop yields and food production throughout the world. However, at a time when there are increasing challenges to crop production, some that potentially may increase the severity or distribution of plant diseases, the training of future plant pathologists appears to be declining, at least in the United States. The ability of the U.S. Land Grant University (USLGU) system to attract and train future generations of plant pathologists may be at risk. Recent data from university plant pathology departments collected by The American Phytopathological Society (APS) documents a decline in the number of students completing advanced degrees in plant pathology, departments with fewer faculty with a diverse expertise in applied plant pathology, fewer stand-alone, single discipline departments of plant pathology, a reduced ability of many departments to offer specific curricular aspects of plant pathology, and a demographic profile that casts an ominous prediction for an unusually large number of faculty retirements over the next decade. The impact of these factors could be a shortage of highly skilled, applied plant pathologists in the U.S. in coming years. The affect also may be felt globally as fewer international students may receive predoctoral and post-doctoral training in plant pathology in the U.S. as faculty retire and are not replaced. Oil the other hand, this likely will create greater opportunities for universities around the world to take leadership in many aspects of plant pathology education. While a decline in students and young faculty trained in applied and field-level specialties of plant pathology (mycology, bacteriology, plant nematology, forest pathology, epidemiology, etc.) is occurring, those trained in the cellular and molecular host-pathogen interactions specialties appear to be increasing. Many plant pathology faculty hired at USLGUs in the last decade are trained in molecular biology and received their Ph.D. degree in a field other than plant pathology. They are now applying those skills to research numerous aspects of host-pathogen interactions of model pathosystems. A shift to a greater research emphasis on molecular host-pathogen interactions over the last decade is evidenced by the number of research articles published in the three APS journals; Plant Disease, Phytopathology and Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (MPMI). From 1985 to 2007, there has been a decline in the number of articles published in Plant Disease (-29%) and Phytopathology (-36%) and a steady increase in those published in MPMI since its inception in 1990 (+111%). With new research tools come new research questions. The tools of molecular biology have allowed us to look deeper into questions than ever before and provided us with a perspective not before seen. As we dissect and decode the genomes of the world's most notorious plant pathogens we get closer and closer to alleviating the global losses and human suffering caused by plant diseases.New "designer crops" with engineered traits for drought and cold tolerance, pest resistance, inreased levels of micronutrients, healthier oils such as omega fatty acids, and plant-derived pharmaceuticals are all on the horizon. Research in the future likely will focus on new problems, traditionally seen as outside the discipline of plant pathology. The impact of climate change on plant diseases will be significant. As many parts of the world become warmer and drier some plant diseases likely
机译：植物病害可以追溯到几乎已记录的历史。许多古代著作都描述瘟疫和爆炸破坏了农作物，现代文明仍然面临着许多植物疾病的挑战。植物病理学起源于植物学，著名的科学家（例如Tillet，Prevost和deBary）早在罗伯特·科赫（Robert Koch）建立绵羊炭疽病致病性证明规则之前就已经得出结论，微观微生物可以引起植物病害。植物病理学家可以在全世界范围内帮助提高作物产量和粮食生产而受到赞誉。但是，在作物生产面临越来越多的挑战的时候，有些挑战可能会加剧植物病害的严重性或分布，至少在美国，对未来植物病理学家的培训似乎正在减少。美国土地授予大学（USLGU）系统吸引和培训下一代植物病理学家的能力可能受到威胁。美国植物病理学会（APS）收集的大学植物病理学部门的最新数据表明，完成植物病理学高级学位的学生数量有所减少，具有较少应用植物病理学专业知识的部门较少的部门，独立的，单一的部门植物病理学的学科部门，许多部门提供植物病理学特定课程方面的能力有所下降，并且人口统计数据为未来十年的大量教师退休提供了不祥的预测。这些因素的影响可能是未来几年美国缺乏高技能的，实用的植物病理学家。随着越来越多的国际学生在美国退休并没有被替换而可以在美国接受植物病理学的博士前和博士后培训，这种影响也可能在全球范围内产生。另一方面，这很可能为世界各地的大学创造更多的机会，在植物病理学教育的许多方面发挥领导作用。尽管接受植物病理学（真菌学，细菌学，植物线虫学，森林病理学，流行病学等）的应用级和现场级专业培训的学生和年轻教师的人数正在下降，但接受过细胞和分子宿主-病原体相互作用专业培训的学生和年轻教师的数量正在减少似乎正在增加。在过去的十年中，USLGU聘用了许多植物病理学系的分子生物学培训，并获得了博士学位。植物病理学以外的其他领域的学位。他们现在正在运用这些技能研究模型病理系统的宿主与病原体相互作用的各个方面。在过去的十年中，越来越多的研究重点转向分子宿主与病原体的相互作用，这一点可以从APS的三本期刊上发表的大量研究论文中得到证明。植物病害，植物病理学和分子植物－微生物相互作用（MPMI）。从1985年到2007年，植物病害（-29％）和植物病理学（-36％）上发表的论文数量有所下降，自1990年成立以来MPMI中发表的论文数量一直稳定增长（+ 111％） 。随着新的研究工具出现新的研究问题。分子生物学的工具使我们比以往更深入地研究问题，并为我们提供了前所未有的视角。在解剖和解码世界上最臭名昭著的植物病原体的基因组时，我们越来越接近减轻由植物病害引起的全球损失和人类痛苦。具有工程设计性状的新型“设计农作物”具有抗旱和耐寒性，抗虫性，增加了微量营养素，更健康的油（例如欧米茄脂肪酸）和植物来源的药物的含量即将出现。未来的研究可能将集中于新问题，这些新问题通常被视为植物病理学的学科之外。气候变化对植物病害的影响将是巨大的。随着世界许多地方变暖和干燥，一些植物疾病可能会发生

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